BIS - T4 - RELIGION RENEWAL AND CHOICE

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  • T4 - religion, renewal, choice
    • New forms of religion
      • Davie: From obligation to consumption
        • religion = personal choice now - parents used to enforce on children
        • Believing without belonging
          • people reluctant to belong to private religion but still hold beliefs
        • Vicarious religion: spiritual health service
          • religion practiced by small minority on behalf of community
          • Spiritual health service: people still use whenever need to - e.g. public mourning - death of Diana
        • Neither believing nor belonging
          • Day: study of Xtians found their 'Christianity' was actually wanting to be part of white ethnic community - not religion - no mention of God - believe IN belonging
      • Hervieu - Ledger: spiritual shopping
        • [cultural Amnesia] - parents do not enforce religion onto child. Leads to trad. church decline = personal choice in beliefs
          • religion = [spiritual shopping]. Self journey - two new religion types:
            • [Pilgrims]: follow individual path to discovery
            • [Converts]: join religious groups that offer a sense of belonging - ethnic background
      • Lyon: post modern religion
        • trad. society giving way to new forms. Features changing nature of religion:
          • Globalisation + media
            • growing interconnectedness allows media to saturate us.
              • 'disembeds' religion and lifts ideas out of church domain. Religion becomes culturally adaptable for all
          • Online religion and religion online
            • [online religion] = sense of community over internet - no existence outside cyber world
            • [Religion online] = religious organisations use internet to address members
          • Religious consumerism
            • religion = [sphere of consumption]:people pick n mix useful elements of religion
      • Heelas and Woodhead: A spiritual revolution
        • Christianity giving way to New Age beliefs: Kendall study: found two groups showing growth of spirituality:
          • Congregational domain, holisitic milieu: H.M growing more than C.D
            • expl: shift from doing duty to exploring inner self. Trad. = only duty. Spiritual = self journey ASWELL
      • eval of New Age:
        • problem of scale - needs more followers to fill decline of trad.
        • socialisation of next gen.: parents must maintain beliefs
        • structural weakness: lack external power (hierarchy) and cannot achieve consensus of beliefs - all free to believe what want
    • Stark and Bainbridge: Religious market theory
      • S+B critical of secularisation theory. Eurocentric - only focuses on decline in UK. argue people are naturally religious - constant demand - and will seek rewards
        • Compensators: where religion makes up for the lack of real reward
          • sec. theory ignores [cycle of renewal]. - New religion attract new members
      • America vs Europe]
        • competition leads to increase - America - no monopoly - leads to choice for individual need
        • S+B - participation increases with plentiful supply, declines with lack of choice
        • Europe - monopoly of official state church - no competition = decline
      • Hadden and Shupe: Supply led religion
        • [televangelism] in USA - shows religious participation = supply led
          • commercial funding in 60's opened up competition and allowed Evangelical churches to thrive
      • diversity brings decline: Ireland - monopoly + high levels. Holland - low levels + much choice
    • Norris and Ingelhart: An alternative view: secularisation and security
      • Existential security theory
        • N and I: [existential security] - religion not constant demand - those who feel survival taken forgranted = not religous
          • Rich: high standard of living = high level of religion. Poor - opposite
            • Although Western countries more secular - less majority of world. 3rd world = religious
      • Europe vs America
        • America: unequal rich society - dog eat dog - creates poverty /insecurity - turn to religion
        • Europe: equal and secure society - protects bottom - secularisation
      • Gill and Lundegaarde:State welfare and religiosity
        • more country spends on welfare lower level of religion. Past religion provided welfare, 20th century state does.
      • Vasquez: N and I ignore positive aspects to deprivation and rich who are wealthy

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