Regional Variation

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Rosewarne
Estuary English. Variety between Standard English, Received Pronounciation, and London English..
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Rosewarne's findings
Widely spoken - reflects changes of attitudes to dialects and accents, based on changes in the social structure.
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Accent of Estuary English
Glottal stop, 'wa'er'. Intrusive 'r', make all words and sounds join together 'law/r/and order. Sometimes has a confrontational tag question 'I told you that already, didn't I?'
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Kerswill and Williams
Milton Keynes.
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Kerswill and William's findings
Some vowels become fronted 'coke-'cake', children fronted their vowels more than adults - showing this is a characteristic of the new Milton Keynes dialect. This is 'dialect levelling' (convergence, local dialect becomes more standard).
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Alternative theory from Milton Keynes study
Language is due to social group and age rather than region. Older children represented characteristic of new dialect whereas children showed different results (lack of social group establishment, influenced by parents).
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Giles
Matched guise experiment.
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Giles' findings
Tested three rewards for upgrading an accent. 1) Increase in perceived status. 2) Increase in perceived favourability. 3) Increase in perceived quality and persuasiveness of the message.
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Giles' suggestion of accents.
Stated Received Pronounciation was viewed more favourably in terms of competence. Regional accents were viewed more favourably in terms of integrity.
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Ryan
Received Pronounciation gives authority and power to those who use it and are taken more seriously. Regional accents are perceived as being more friendly and trustworthy. Supported by the Ghana study,
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Labov
Martha's Vineyard
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Labov's findings
Natives converged their language and imitated the tourists/visitors so accent then mirrored mainland USA. Reasons for change were immigration, accomodation, identity, solidarity.
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Labov's findings in terms of age.
Young adults and children spoke more like the visitors than the older generation (may be due to sociolinguist maturation - age where you're less influenced by different varieties of language on own usage.
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Fox
Multi Ethnic Youth Dialect (MEYD)
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Fox's findings
Characteristics of MEYD were drawn from several languages, creoles and cultural sources (white, black, Asian). Usually identified with adolescents showing age affects language. Accents are expanding and replacing/evolving old ones.
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Examples of MEYD
'ends' (neighbourhood area), 'safe/easy' (greeting), 'nang' (good/cool), 'buff' (attractive) 'blud' (mate).
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Sebba
British Black English (BBE)
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Sebba's findings
Variety of English includes phonological, lexical, grammatical features of: Caribbean creole, cockney, and Standard English/Received Pronounciation. Evolved through language needs of immigrant communities that settled in England.
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Examples of BBE vocabulary.
Don't use different verb forms for past/present tense 'he walk down the street' instead of 'he walked down the street'. Negatives are used as just no, 'me no want'. 'Th' voiced sounds become voiced 'd', 'dem'. 'Th' unvoiced become unvoiced 't', 'tink
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Attitudes to BBE
View they have bad grammar and can't talk properly, seen as childish, inferior, incorrect. TV programs such as 'Rastamouse' expose children to poor language use, supporters state it provides chldren of Caribbean heritage.
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Cheshire
Multi-Cultural London English (MLE).
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Cheshire's findings
Natives not as impactful on language, whereas influences of second language are. Creates an organic hybrid form of English. Refers to changing nature of British society and language used.
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MLE characteristics
Vocabulary: 'bare' (very), 'beef' (conflict). Phonology: 'fes' (face). Grammar: 'dem' is plural - 'mandem' (men).
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Trudgill
Estimated only 3% of speakers used RP. Norwich study showed that they pronounce the non-standard variant 'n' - 'thinkin'.
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Cockney
Lexis: 'bread and honey' - money. Grammar: 'give us some bread for the pictures' Phonology: phrases rhyme with word that has been replaced.
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Glaswegian
Lexis: 'wee'. Grammar: 'are yous coming?' Phonology: elongated vowels, rolled 'r'.
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Attitudes to accents.
Associated with concepts: 'attractiveness, correctness, clarity'. Some will comment on an accent being better than the other as it will either sound better, better educational standard, easier to understand.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Widely spoken - reflects changes of attitudes to dialects and accents, based on changes in the social structure.

Back

Rosewarne's findings

Card 3

Front

Glottal stop, 'wa'er'. Intrusive 'r', make all words and sounds join together 'law/r/and order. Sometimes has a confrontational tag question 'I told you that already, didn't I?'

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Milton Keynes.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Some vowels become fronted 'coke-'cake', children fronted their vowels more than adults - showing this is a characteristic of the new Milton Keynes dialect. This is 'dialect levelling' (convergence, local dialect becomes more standard).

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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