A key aspect of an individual's speech that refers to the differences in the sound patterns of a specific dialect
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Give an example of accent variation
Northern regions pronounce 'bath' as "bahth" with diaphoneme /ae/ whereas Southern pronounce as "barth" with diaphoneme /a:/
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What theory can this relate to?
Peter Trudgill's Norwich Study 1974
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What was he interested in?
The pronunciation of particular variables in different socio-economic status and different speech styles
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What did Trudgill closely study?
The final consonant in words such as -ing
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What did he suggest?
Working class speakers used regional phonetic '-in' pronouncing it as walkin rather than standard form where phonetic /n/ is used which is a velar nasal
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What did this imply?
The higher the socio-economic status of the speaker, the more frequently they used the standard phonetic, making strong links between region and social class
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What other theory can this relate to?
Malcolm Petyt's Bradford study in 1985
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What did he notice?
Speakers in Bradford region omitted the phonetic 'h' sound in words such as hat and house
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What did he discover?
Like Trudgill, found that people belonging to lower classes were dropping the phonetic
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What can the omission of phonological variables be explained as?
A variation of slang or a feature of contemporary English
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What would a prescriptivist suggest about this?
Not accepted as it does not follow the standard British form which is considered to be the form everyone should aim towards
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What would a descriptivist suggest about this?
Would appreciate regional variations of English as language must adapt to meet the needs of its users
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Which is another way region affects language?
Grammar
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Give an example of regional variation of grammar
Newcastle use regional grammatical constructions such as past tense "I've went" and replacing third person plural "were" with "was"
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What can we assume from this?
That only social groups belonging to that region would understand this replacement
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What theory can this link to?
Milroy and Milroy's Belfast Study in 2014
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What did they suggest?
Speakers with a low density, closed network used more regional features compared to a high density, open network
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What does this imply?
Individuals in a social group exposed to many different social groups are less likely to demonstrate their regional dialects than people in smaller social groups
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What other region can this be applied to and give an example?
Yorkshire where the replace "until" with vernacular preposition "while" such as "10 while 12"
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What would a prescriptive suggest about this?
Form of substitution is not grammatically correct as it does not follow the standard rules of English
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What do individuals with a regional dialect suggest?
Seen as the norm which creates several grammatical variations, none of which are incorrect but are misunderstood by those not from the region
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State another way in which region is affected by language
Lexical variation
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Give an example of lexical variation
Newcastle use "bairn" which has same denotation to Standard's "child"
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What could have caused this lexical variation?
Occupational differences in regions such as small farming/mining communities
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What theory does this link to?
Giles Communication Accommodation Theory in 1970
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What did he suggest?
Individuals change their dialects (lexis) in order to fit in and prevent social differences and example of convergence
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Give an example of divergence
Birmingham "cob" may not adapt to standard "roll"
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Why does this divergence happen?
Under accommodation - person is so persistent in their original communication style they are unaware of making changes in their speech
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Another reason why divergence may happen?
Depending on their social identity - divergence -striving for uniqueness whereas convergence - seeking acceptance
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Give an example of accent variation
Back
Northern regions pronounce 'bath' as "bahth" with diaphoneme /ae/ whereas Southern pronounce as "barth" with diaphoneme /a:/
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