PY1 - APPROACHES

?
  • Created by: Hannah
  • Created on: 30-10-13 14:55
What are the two assumptions in the biological approach?
1. Behavior is explained by the different areas of the brain. 2. Behavior is explained by Hormones
1 of 126
What has research shown about different areas of the brain?
That each area has a special function
2 of 126
What happens if a particular area of the brain has been damaged?
They lose a particular function
3 of 126
What happens if you damage the Broca's area?
Person wouldn't be able to speak
4 of 126
What are hormones?
They are chemical Substances that circulate in the blood and only effect target organs
5 of 126
How are hormones produced?
In large quantities but disappear quickly
6 of 126
Give an example of a Hormone?
Adrenaline aka 'fight or flight response'
7 of 126
What was Hans Selye?
A Medical Doctor
8 of 126
What did Hans Selye notice?
That paitents shared a common set of symptoms regardless of their particular injury or illness
9 of 126
What Does GAS Stand for?
General Adaptation Syndrome
10 of 126
Why did GAS stand for this?
1. Body produces General response 2. enables body to cope with extreme stress 3. condition that consists of several different identifiable symptoms
11 of 126
What are the 3 Stages?
Alarm reaction, Resistance and Exhaustion
12 of 126
What is the Alarm reaction stage?
Causes the 'fight or flight response'
13 of 126
What is the Resistance stage?
Keeps the body functioning what appears to be normal but the body is being depleted with resources such as cortisol
14 of 126
What is the Exhaustion stage?
High blood pressure, System of functioning cannot cope, Immune system can't cope resulting in to a cardiovascular disorder
15 of 126
What did Hans Selye (1936) do to demonstrate GAS?
Exposed to rats a variety of unpleasant experiences such as cutting their spinal cord
16 of 126
How does Psychosurgery link in to the biological approach?
The assumption is that mentally disordered behaviour has a physical and biological cause that can be located in the brain
17 of 126
What is the aim of Psychosurgery?
to alleviate some of the severe symptoms of mental illness by destroying areas of the brain that may cause such behaviour
18 of 126
What is Prefrontal Lobotomy?
involves destruction of connections to and from the prefontal cortext, by cutting the nerve pathways it is hoped by doing this patients could be relieved of their distressing thought and behaviour
19 of 126
How did Moniz do Prefrontal Lobotomy?
By drilling a hole on each side of the skull and insert an instrument (looked like an ice-pick) to destroy nerve fibers underneath
20 of 126
What is Stereotatic Psychosurgery?
Brain Scanning - locates exact points within the brain and sever connections very precisely
21 of 126
What is Deep Brain Stimulation?
Place wires in a patient's brain. The wires are connected to a battery pack implanted by the chest
22 of 126
What has research evidence found about psychosurgery?
Comer 2002 - found that lobotomy had a fatality rate of up to 6% and had a range of physical side effects. Cosgrove and Raugh (2001) found that Sterostatic Surgery was effective in 67% of OCD patients. Mayberg et al (2005) found that 4/6 patients
23 of 126
What are two strengths of the biological approach?
Scientific and Deterministic
24 of 126
Why are these strengths of the Biological Approach?
1. Allows us to make clear predictions of the world 2. know what pre-determines mental disorders allows us to be able to treat patients
25 of 126
What are two weakness of the Biological Approach?
1. Reductionist 2. Individual Differences
26 of 126
Why are these weakness of the Biological approach
1. may prevent us reaching true understanding of why a particular person has the disorder 2. end picture is wrong, wouldn't apply to all people
27 of 126
What are the two Methodology used by the Biological approach?
Twin Studies and Animal Experiments
28 of 126
What are the strengths of using twin studies in the biological approach?
1. MZ Twins have the same genes (100%) and can be certain that any difference is due to the environment. 2. Allows psychologist to make sound assumption on importance of Genes
29 of 126
What are the weakness of using twin studies in the biological approach?
1. Often twins share the same environment 2. Even twins that are reared apart are often brought up in to a similar environment (culture, religion, educational opportunities. etc)
30 of 126
What is an example of a twin study being used in the Biological approach?
Bouchar & McGue (1981) - looked at concordances rates of intelligent's and found that closer you're related the similar you're intelligence are
31 of 126
What are the strengths of using Animal studies in the biological approach?
1. will not experience demand characteristics 2.easy to handle 3. experiments that are unethical to humans can be carried out on animals
32 of 126
What are the weakness of using Animal studies in the biological approach?
1. there are genetic differences (makes generalising difficult) 2. Animals are kept away from natural habitat which might cause them to act in an unnatural way
33 of 126
What is an example of an Animal study being used in the Biological approach?
Selye (1936)
34 of 126
What are the two assumptions in the behaviourist approach?
1. Behavior can be explained by Classical Conditioning 2. Behavior can be explained by Operant Conditioning
35 of 126
What is Classical Conditioning?
When behavior is learnt through association
36 of 126
What is an example of Classical Conditioning?
Being bitten (Unconditioned stimulus) causes a fear response (Unconditioned response) Presence of dog (Neutral Stimulus) at the same time as being bitten, leads to an association being formed and now when you see dog (CS) a fear response (cr)
37 of 126
What is Operant conditioning?
behaviour are learnt through reinforcement and punishment
38 of 126
What is a positive consequence?
increases the probability that a behavior will be repeated
39 of 126
What is a negative consequence?
decreases the probability that a behavior will be repeated
40 of 126
What did Bandura believe?
We also learn through observation
41 of 126
What are the four factors that are in the SLT?
1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Reproduction 4. Motivation
42 of 126
What factors consist a likely hood of being of a role model?
Likeable, Same Age, Same Gender, High Status
43 of 126
What was Bandura Bobo Doll experiment?
36 of both sex's, 3 different groups, watched adult play with doll and then told they could, found boys are more aggressive and more likely to be aggressive if role model was.
44 of 126
How does Systematic Desensitisation link in with the behaviorist approach?
Classical Conditioning
45 of 126
What is the aim of Systematic Desensitisation?
To reverse the conditioning of the phobia
46 of 126
What is the main body in Systematic Desensitisation?
1. Train muscle relaxation techniques 2. Create a hierarchy of fear 3. Client works through hierarchy 4. Client makes choice when to go up 5. Get to the top – fear should be gone
47 of 126
What did Land and Lazovik (1963) find?
Participants who had a phobia of snakes we're put in 2 groups. The group which received the treatment showed a dramatic drop in fear up to six months later
48 of 126
What are the two methodology used in the behaviorist approach?
1.Laboratory Experiments with humans 2. .Laboratory Experiments with Animals
49 of 126
What are two strengths of using a Laboratory Experiments with humans in the behaviorist approach?
1. More controlled - can establish cause and effect relationships, extraneous variables can be controlled 2. Accurate measurements = and standardized collection of data (highly objective)
50 of 126
What are two weakness of sing a Laboratory Experiments with humans in the behaviorist approach?
1. LOW ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY 2. Demad Characteristics
51 of 126
What are two strengths of using a Laboratory Experiments with animals in the behaviorist approach?
1. Easier to control 2. Cheaper
52 of 126
What are two weakness of using a Laboratory Experiments with animals in the behaviorist approach?
1. Animals can't consent 2.not identical to humans
53 of 126
What are the strengths of the behaviorist approach?
1. Scientific (controls variables) 2. Important contributions ( systematic desnesitation),
54 of 126
What are the weakness of the behaviorist approach?
1. Behavior is determined by learnt experiences 2. Reductionisim - Behavior is controlled by our environment
55 of 126
What are the two approaches in the Psycodynamic approach?
1. Behavior is influenced by the three parts of the mind 2. Behavior is influenced by different Levels of Consciousness
56 of 126
What is the tripartite model?
created by innate biological factors: The ID, The Ego, The Superego
57 of 126
What is the ID?
present from birth; driven by the pleasure principle; demands immediate satisfacton
58 of 126
What is the Ego?
appears around the age of two; conscious, rational part of the mind governed by the reality principle - balances conflict
59 of 126
What is the Super Ego?
appears around the age of four; embodies the child's sense of right and wrong (the ideal self) - develops through identification with parents/adults
60 of 126
What are the three different level of consciousness?
1.conscious mind: logical and thoughts we are aware off 2. Preconscious: potentially accessible but at the particular moment it's contents are beyond awareness 3. Unconscious mind - cannot be directly accessed- ruled by pleasure seeking&lacks logic
61 of 126
What happens when there are conflicts between ID, EGO and SUPEREGO?
Creates anxiety and then protects it self by using ego defense mechanisms
62 of 126
What is Repression?
An example pf a defence mechanisim - allows anxiety-provoking thoughts to be effectively forgotten. Repressed thoughts/emotions often have indirect effects on behaviour which may cause mental disorders
63 of 126
What did Freud propose about adult personality?
that it develops out of an interaction between innate drives and early life experience
64 of 126
What are the 5 Stages in the psychosexual development?
1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital
65 of 126
What happens at the oral stage?
Libido is focused on mouth; age: 0-1 half; pleasure gained from eating and aucking
66 of 126
What are the outcomes of the oral stage?
Healthy: ability to enjoy food and affection Frustration: pessimistic,aggressive, suspicious Overindulgence - optimistic, gullible, dependent
67 of 126
What happens at the Anal stage?
Libido focus on anus; age 1 and half - 3; pleasure gained by expelling and/or withholding faeces
68 of 126
What are the outcomes of the anal stage?
Healthy: ability to deal with authority and reasonably organised Frustration: orderly, obstinate, stingy Overindulgence - messy, defiant,generous
69 of 126
What happens at the Phalic stage?
Libido focus on Genitals, 3-6, Bous Opedipus Complex, Girl Penis Envy
70 of 126
What are the outcomes of the Phalic stage?
Healthy- Development of morality Both: reckless,overconfident, problems with sexual idenity
71 of 126
What happens at the Latency stage?
6-12 - nothing happens
72 of 126
What happens at the Genital stage?
12 - 16 ; development of independence
73 of 126
What are the outcomes of the Genital stage?
Healthy Outcome - Development of well - adjusted mature adult
74 of 126
How does Dream Analysis link in to the Psychodynamic Approach?
mentally disorders behavior is caused by unconscious thoughts and wishes - thoughts have been repressed
75 of 126
What is the aim of Dream Analysis?
to recover unconscious thougths.emotions that are expressed within dreams so unconscious can be made conscious and conflicts can be dealth with
76 of 126
What is Condensation?
Dream thoughts are rich in detail but are condensed to the brief images in a dream where one dream image stands for several associations and ideas
77 of 126
What is Displacement?
Emotional significance of dream object is separated from it's real meaning
78 of 126
What is representation?
A thought is translated to visual images
79 of 126
What is Symbolism?
Replaces an action, person or idea to fool the "censor"
80 of 126
What is Secondary Elaboration?
Unconscious mind collects all the different images and ties them together to form a logical story
81 of 126
What are two strengths of the psychodynamic approach?
1. Nature and Nurture 2. Reflects the complexity of human behavior
82 of 126
What are two weakness of the psychodynamic approach?
1. Determinist 2. Claims cannot be proven wrong
83 of 126
Why are these strengths of the psychodynamic approach?
1. provides a framework for putting the 2 elements together 2. avoids such oversimplification by examining the root causes of heaviour
84 of 126
Why are these weakness of the psychodynamic approach?
1. Implies that we have no free will 2.A good theory is one that can be tested to see if it's wrong
85 of 126
What are the two methodology used in the Psychodynamic approach?
1. Case Studies 2. Clinical Interviews
86 of 126
What are two strengths with using case studies in the psychodynamic approach?
1. Rich picture 2. true to life
87 of 126
What are two weakness with using case studies in the psychodynamic approach?
1. Generlisation 2. Subjectivity
88 of 126
What are two strengths with using Clinical Interviews in the psychodynamic approach?
1. Falcilitates communication 2. Rich, qualiative data
89 of 126
What are two weakness with using Clinical Interviews in the psychodynamic approach?
1. Analysis of the data 2. Subjectivity
90 of 126
What are the two assumptions in the Cognitive approach?
1. Behaviour can be explained by mental processess 2. Human mind is compared to a computer
91 of 126
In the congitive approach, What do we do with the information from the world around us?
Processes it to make sense of it, and respond to the world around us
92 of 126
What are the four main most well studied congnitive process?
PERCEPTON. ATTENTION. MEMORY AND LANAGUAGE
93 of 126
What is a Schema ?
pockets of information which we use to make sense of the world
94 of 126
How does the congnitve approah assume Human minds are like computers?
mind takes information in (input) changes it/stores it (process) and then re alls it when needed (output)
95 of 126
What is the multistore memory?
Information is entered through senses- (sensory input) the brain (sense memory) moves to the short term memory, then long term when needed information is outputted
96 of 126
What is attrubution?
Process of explaining human behaviour
97 of 126
Why does Heider describe people as amature scientist?
because they try to understand the cause of people's behaviour
98 of 126
What are internal Factors?
relate to the person themselves - personality
99 of 126
What's the fundamental error?
When people prefer to make a disposistional attrubution
100 of 126
What further theory did Kelly put further?
Covation Model
101 of 126
Attributioms are caused by covaiance of which three factors
1. Concesus. 2.Consisty 3.Distictivness
102 of 126
what is Concesus?
everyone agrees
103 of 126
What is Consisty?
The behaviour is repeated
104 of 126
What is Distictivness?
How same a person acts to a different stimuli
105 of 126
External attributions are made when...?
Concesus;Consisty;Distictivness are high
106 of 126
Internal Attributions are made when...?
;Consisty is high but Concesus and Distictivness are low
107 of 126
What are the two strenghts of the Cognative approach?
1. Meditation process 2. Sucessful Applications
108 of 126
What are the two weakness of the Cognative approach?
1. Nature Vs Nurtre 2. Mechanistic&Deterministic
109 of 126
Why are these strenghts of the Cognative approach?
1.valuable insight on human behaviour(sucesful exam revision) 2. CBT AND KET - helps understand dynamic being human behaviour and improve world we live in
110 of 126
Why are these weakness of the Cognative approach?
1. ignores key influences such as role of genetics 2. isn't simple as cognitive approach suggest (ignores emotions, social culture etc)
111 of 126
How does the congitive Behaviour Therapy link in to the cognitive assumption
the key influence on behaviour is how an individual thinks about a situation. the assumption is that mentally disordered behaviour is caused by maladaptive, irrational thinking
112 of 126
What is the aim of the CBT therapy?
identify and challenge maladaptive thoughts and replace them with positive and constractive thoughts
113 of 126
What is CBT focus on?
The source of falty assumption
114 of 126
What is the Cognitive element in CBT?
Maladaptive thoughts and how these can be challanged
115 of 126
What is the Behaviourist element in CBT?
new behaviour - modelling and rewards
116 of 126
What problems are dealt with when behaviourist and cognitive are combined?
Symptom subsitution
117 of 126
What did Becks believe?
Depression occurs because people are biased towards negative interpretations of the world
118 of 126
What is a disfunctional thought diary?
record negative thoughs; rate how much they nelieve in these thoughs and rate their rational responses - in percentage
119 of 126
What did Meichenbaurn believe?
cannot change the causes of stress
120 of 126
What are the three stages of how we think of stress?
1. Learn to see that it can be resolved 2. postive thinking-relaxation 3. practising combining these things together
121 of 126
What are the methodology used in the Cognitive approach?
1. Lab Experiments 2. Case Studies
122 of 126
What are the strenghs of using a laboroty experiment in the Cognitive approach?
1. Control 2. Replication
123 of 126
What are the weakness of using using a laboroty experiement in the Cognitive approach?
1. Ecological validity 2. Demand Characteristics
124 of 126
What are the strenghs of using Case Studies in the Cognitive Approach?
1. Rare behaviour 2. Qualative Data
125 of 126
What are the weakness of using Case Studies in the Cognative appraoch?
1. Generalisation 2. Subjectivity
126 of 126

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What has research shown about different areas of the brain?

Back

That each area has a special function

Card 3

Front

What happens if a particular area of the brain has been damaged?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What happens if you damage the Broca's area?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are hormones?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Approaches resources »