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What is “informed consent” when taking part in research?

Participants should be fully informed volunteers who are not coerced to take part.

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Is deception of research participants ethical?

Yes, if it does not cause physical or psychological harm and participants are fully debriefed.

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Identify the quantitative measurement

interval

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identify the categorical variable

blood type

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According to the cognitive approach to stereotyping, stereotypes persist because perception necessarily involves:

selective attention

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Following Orson Welles' radio presentation of the 'War of the Worlds', many people were convinced that a Martian invasion had taken place. ‘Cognitive' social psychologists have argued that the maintenance of this conviction in the period immediately afte

that people's interpretation of their environment is directed by their beliefs and expectations

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Sherif's studies of boys on a summer camp make a series of points about the formation of groups. In some of these studies the groups were formed in such a way as to break up existing friendship pairs. The ensuing group behaviour shows that:

cultural and personality differences are not necessary for (and so cannot be the only reason for) the emergence of intergroup conflict

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Word et al (1974) investigated how an interviewer’s non-verbal behaviour can impact an interviewee. Specifically, when white interviewers were trained to adopt the non-verbal behaviours typically exhibited by whites interviewing black people, white interv

performed worse than when the interviewer’s non-verbal behaviours were those typically exhibited by white people interviewing white people

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Levine et al’s (2005) research on helping showed that when Manchester United fans were thinking about themselves in terms of a superordinate football fan identity (rather than as specifically a Manchester United fan), they

helped others wearing a Manchester United or a Liverpool shirt, but not others wearing an ordinary shirt

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One issue with Adorno et al’s research is that the interviews designed to investigate adults’ childhood experiences

were retrospective and therefore cannot be taken as accurate

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In the context of considering Filter models, the results of Lavie’s (1995) Perceptual Load experiments indicate

selection is influenced by task difficulty

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When a target can be found equally quickly irrespective of the number of distractors around it in a search array, this suggests that:

the array was processed in parallel

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The experiments of Baldauf, Wolf and Deubel (2006) demonstrate attention:

can be deployed separately to at least two locations at the same time

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Jensen et al. (2011) propose the phenomenon of Change Blindness can occur due to:

all answers

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When two targets appear in quick succession, the second is often not detected. This phenomenon is often referred to as:

the attentional blink

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Dividing our attention by using a mobile phone has been shown to lead to poorer detection of stimuli in work conducted by:

both Patten et al. (2004) and Hyman et al. (2010)

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Assessment of new implicit learning in patients with amnesia should:

involve tasks new to the patient and not require recall of the learning episode

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In classical conditioning, an unlearned, inborn reaction to an unconditioned stimulus is a(n)

unconditioned response

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Patients receiving chemotherapy as cancer treatment tend to report that this treatment makes them sick (causes them to vomit). Additionally, many have reported a side-effect of Anticipatory Nausea, where nausea and vomiting can be elicited solely by visit

unconditioned stimulus

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What is a ‘correlational hypothesis’?

A formal statement in which it is predicted that a specific change in one thing will be associated with a specific change in another thing

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What is the difference between a within-participants and between-participants design?

In a within-participants design, each participant is tested in each condition, whereas in a between-participants design, each participant received only one condition.

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A researcher tests participants’ driving skills when they are sober, and the next day he tests them again in the same test after drinking alcohol. What would be a better design?

Including a further group of participants who are first tested in the alcohol condition and then tested in the sober condition the next day.

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A lecturer conducts a numeric skills test on 50 students. He provides math's training to the 25 students who performed worst and following this, he tests these 25 students again to see whether their numerical skills have improved. What is a potential conf

regression towards mean

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If a dog is given a biscuit when it rolls over on command, and this behaviour is displayed again, the biscuit is:

positive reinforcement

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When being taken on a walk, a dog usually strains at on its leash. However, over time, the dog has learned that if it stands still upon entrance to a wooded area, its leash will be removed. Removal of the leash is:

negative reinforcement

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Most people claim they remember where they were, what they were doing, and who they were with when they learned of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. This type of vivid emotionally charged memory is called a _________ memory.

flashbulb

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Peter is studying for an exam in a quiet corner of the library at a desk with good overhead lighting. Winona studies for the exam lying on her bed with music and the television on. If Peter and Winona are of comparable intelligence and have studied the sa

Peter, because he is studying in an environment similar to the one in which he will take the test

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