Occurs when an individual has a less common characteristic, for example, being more depressed or less intelligent than most of the population
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Deviation from social norms
Concerns behaviour that is different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a community or society
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Failure to function adequately
Occurs when someone is unable to cope with ordinary demands of day-to-day living
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Deviation from ideal mental health
Occurs when someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health
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Phobia
An irrational fear of an object or situation
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Behavioural
Ways in which people act
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Emotional
Ways in which people feel
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Cognitive
Refers to the process of thinking - knowing, perceiving, believing
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Depression
A mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
A condition characterised by obsessions and/or compulsive behaviour
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Behavioural approach
A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning
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Classical conditioning
Learning by association. Occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together - an unconditioned stimulus and a new 'neutral' stimulus. The neutral stimulus eventually produces the same response that was first produced by the unconditioned stimulus
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Operant conditioning
A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences. Possible consequences of behaviour include positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment
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Systematic desensitisation
A behavioural therapy designed to reduce an unwanted response, such as anxiety, to a stimulus. SD involves drawing an anxiety hierarchy, teaching the patient to relax and then exposing them to phobic situations
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Flooding
A behavioural therapy in which a phobic patient is exposed to an extreme form of a phobic stimulus in order to reduce anxiety triggered by it. This takes place across a small number of sessions
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Cognitive approach
The term 'cognitive' has come to mean 'mental processes' so this approach is focused on how our mental processes affect behaviour
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Negative triad
Beck proposed that there were three kinds of negative thinking which contributed to becoming depressed: negative thoughts about the world/future/self. Such negative views lead a person to interpret experiences in a negative way
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ABC model
Ellis proposed that depression occurs when an activating event (A) triggers an irrational belief (B) which in turn produces a consequence (C), i.e. an emotional response like depression. The key to this process is the irrational belief.
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Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)
A method for treating mental disorders based on both cognitive and behavioural techniques. The therapy deals with thinking, such as challenging negative thoughts, and uses behavioural techniques such as behavioural activation
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Irrational thoughts
Also called dysfunctional thoughts, in Ellis' model and therapy, these are defined as thoughts that are likely to interfere with a person's happiness. These thoughts can lead to mental disorders such as depression
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Biological approach
A perspective that emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body such as genetic inheritance and neural function
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Genetic explanations
Genes make up chromosomes and consist of DNA, which code the physical and psychological features of an organism. Genes are transmitted from parent to offspring, i.e. inherited
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Neural explanations
The view that physical and psychological characteristics are determined by the behaviour of the nervous system, in particular the brain as well as individual neurons
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Drug therapy
Treatment involving drugs, i.e. chemicals that have a particular effect on the functioning of the brain or some other body system. In the case of psychological disorders, such drugs usually affect neurotransmitter levels
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Concerns behaviour that is different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a community or society
Back
Deviation from social norms
Card 3
Front
Occurs when someone is unable to cope with ordinary demands of day-to-day living
Back
Card 4
Front
Occurs when someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health
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