Psychology Attachment
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- Created by: Jess
- Created on: 20-05-13 19:30
What is attachement?
An emotional bond between two people.
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What is the learning theory?
Theory that behaviour is learned rather than inborn. Learned either through classical or operant conditioning.
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How does classical conditioning help to explain attachment?
Person who feeds infant becomes associated with food& feeder provides pleasure associated with food. Association between individual and sense of pleasure is attachment bond.
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How does operant conditioning explain attachment?
Food becomes primary reinforcer as it reinforces behaviour to avoid discomfort. Person who supplies food is associated with avoiding discomfort so child seeks person who can supply the reward.
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HARRY HARLOW
Harlow created two wire mothers, one had a feeling bottle and one was wrapped in soft cloth. Monkeys spent more time with cloth covered mother so seeked comfort instead of food.
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SCHAFFER AND EMERSON
Observed 60 babies and found in 39% of cases person that fed them was not primary attachment.
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What is bowlby's theory?
Attachment is a behavioral system that has evolved because of its survival rate and reproductive value.
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What are Social releasers?
They elict care giving including crying and a baby's face.
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What is an innate drive?
Inborn characteristics, children have an innate drive to become attached to a caregiver.
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What is monotropy?
Bias towards one individual primary attachment. Bowlby believed infant becomes most strongly attached
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TRONWICK ET AL
Studied an african tribe where infants were looked after by different women but slept with own mother at night, infants still showed primary attachment so show it is universal.
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KAGAN
issued a temperment hypothesis: certain personality or temperamental characteristics of infant shape a mothers responsiveness.
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THE STRANGE SITUATION (AINSWORTH)
Devised to be able to test nature of attachment, created by presence of a stranger and seperation from caregiver.
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What did the strange situation discover?
Similarities and differences in the way infants behaved. Proximity seeking and contact maintaining behaviors intensified during separation and when stranger appears.
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MAIN AND WESTON
argue that child could have different types of relationships with different people. Type A avoidant with father and Type B secure with mother.
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Describe the 3 attachment types.
Secure attachment - experiences stranger anxiety but easily soothed. Insecure Avoidant - Explore and arent bothered about stranger anxiety. Insecure Resistant - nervous and anxious when without primary caregiver.
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TAKAHASHI
Studied 60 middle-class Japanese infants and their mothers. Found similar rates of secure attachment to the Strange Situation. Showed no evifdence of insecure- avoidant and high rates of insecure -resistant. Infants distressed at being left alone.
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VAN INZENDOORN AND KROONENBERG
Conducted a meta- analysis from studies of attachment behaviour. Found that differences between cultures were small but variation between cultures was 1.5 times greater. Secure attachment was most common.
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Evaluate cultural variations in attachment.
Oversimplified as UK cannot be viewed as a single culture, Culturally biased as ** reflects norms of USA so impose values on another culture to make them look unusual. Has been greatly influential as meta-analysis is large sample.
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ROTHBAUM ET AL
Talked about the behavior of Japanese mothers and infants. Unjustified generalization as within the country of Japan there are different subcultures with different childcare practices.
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Desribe the three stages of the PDD model.
Protest - very intense, child cries much of the time. Despair - total loss of hope, child shows little interest in surroundings. Detachment - child behaves in less distressed way, emotionally unresponsive.
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ROBERTSON AND ROBERTSON
Found good substitute care could minimize the effects of seperation.
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HODGES AND TIZARD
longitudinal study following children into adolescence. Found that restored children were less likely to have formed attachments with their mothers but adopted children were as closely attached to their parents as a control group of normal children.
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Evaluate Hodges and Tizard's study.
Children dropping out left a biased sample as those left may be different from those who dropped out. Natural experiement so cause and effect cannot be assumed. Do not know to what extent effects of privation extend into adult life.
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CZECH TWINS
Identical twins who were locked up and physically abused. Were not found until age of 7 but went on to show normal intellectual and social development due to quality of care experienced in foster family.
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GENIE
Suffered extreme privation - locked & tied up. Found at 13 1/2. Developed attachments but showed long term negative effect in social development.
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Evaluate Privation case studies.
Not generaliseable as small sample, not clear if they were truly privated as twins had each other. Cause and effect is hard to prove.
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GARDNER
baby girl had to be fed though tube, was never cuddled or picked up & at 8 months she was severely withdrawn and admitted to hospital. Thrived on attention and returned to normal. Emotional disturbance may affect production of hormones.
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LEACH
Study of 1200 UK children found that social and emotional development of those cared for by someone other than the mother was less good. Showed high levels of aggression.
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NICHD
National institute of Child, Health and human development in america. Data showed that the more time a child spent in day care the more adults rated them as assertive, disobedient and aggressive. Link between daycare and increased aggressiveness.
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SARAH FRIEDMAN
NICHD worker who pointed out that results related to aggressiveness can be studied differently. 83% of children who spent hours in daycare did not show high levels of agression.
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ALISON CLARKE - STEWART
Studied 150 children and found those in daycare were more advanced in their social development than children who stayed at home.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the learning theory?
Back
Theory that behaviour is learned rather than inborn. Learned either through classical or operant conditioning.
Card 3
Front
How does classical conditioning help to explain attachment?
Back
Card 4
Front
How does operant conditioning explain attachment?
Back
Card 5
Front
HARRY HARLOW
Back
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