Learning in psychology year 1

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  • Created by: Jelly1
  • Created on: 08-01-19 10:11
What is learning?
adaptive process driven by experience inferred from changes in behaviour (behaviourism) occurs in the nervous system and allows an organism to distinguish between important stimuli with adaptive responses & trivial stimuli with maladaptive response
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What is habituation?
strong initial responses to a novel event decreases with frequency of exposure (for example, wearing clothes)
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What is an orienting response?
automatic reactions to sudden unexpected events (for example, the fire alarm)
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What is classical conditioning?
learning the conditions that predict specific outcomes through associations. Uncoditioned Stimulus + Neutral stimulus = unconditioned response. NS becomes conditioned and leads to UCR that becomes a conditioned response.
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Acquisition in classical conditioning
the conditional responses only appear after repeatedly pairing the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus pairing.
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Extinction in classicl conditioning
the conditioned response is eventually eliminated when the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus (just ringing the bell without giving them food, so the dogs will no longer salivate over time).
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Spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning
if the conditioned stimulus to unconditioned stimulus pairing is re-introduced, the rate of acquisition of the conditioned response is much faster than in the initial learning.
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Stimullus generalisation in classical conditioning
the similar stimuli to conditioned stimulus that will elicit the conditioned response.
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Stimuus discrimination in classical conditioning
distinguishing between one stimulus and another, even if similar, stimulus.
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Pavlovs contribution to classicaal conditioning
studied salivation levels in dogs. BEFORE conditioning, UCS to UCR = food leads to salivation, NS = bell. DURING conditioning, pair the bell with the food which leads to salivation. AFTER conditioning, the bell becomes a CS and = the CR of salivation
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Watsons contribution to classical conditioning
Little Albert study. White rat = neutral / conditioned stimulus. Loud alaring noise = unconditioned stimulus. Fear = unconditioned / conditioned response. He then began to generalise and discriminate to other stimuli.
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Hulls intervening variables and his contribution to classical conditioning
unobserved variables that moderate the cause and effect relationship
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Hulls habit strength and his contribution to classical conditioning
strength of previously learned stimulus and response connections after reinforced practice
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Hulls drive and his contribution to classical conditioning
temporary state of deprivation that motivates an organism to seek reward or stimuli
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Tolmans contribution to classical conditioning
interested in purposive behaviourism which is concerned with observable behaviour, but also considered its underlying cognitive processes.
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Operant conditioning
is when an organism learns environment-behaviour relations by responding to (operating on) the environment
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Law off effect in operant conditioning
favourable outcomes leads to increased likelihood of behaviours; unfavourable outcomes leads to reduced likelihood of behaviour.
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positive reinforcement in operant conditioning
increase in the frequency of a response when followed by an appetitive (pleasant) stimulus – increases the behaviour
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negative reinforcement in operant conditioning
increase in the frequency of a response when remving an aversive stimulus – increases the behaviour
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positive punishment in operant conditioning
decrease in the frequency of a response when followed by an aversive stimuli (for example, electric shock) – decreases behaviour
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response cost (negative punishment) in operant conditioning
decrease in the frequency of response when removing an appetitive stimulus – decreases behaviour
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extinction in operant conditioning
decrease in the frequency of a previously reinforced response as the conditioned response is eventually eliminated when the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus.
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operant chamber
apparatus used to observe, manipulate and record an animals behaviour (for example, skinners box).
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Discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning
preceding the event sets the occasion for operant behaviour which is the response which sets the occasion for the consequence of the operant behaviour, this then strengthens the DS to response connection.
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shaping
teaching new complex behaviours by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desire behaviour.
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intermittent reinforcement
not every response is reinforced; reinforcement instead depends on a particular schedule (increases likelihood of learning)
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probability-based schedules
fixed and variable ratio
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fixed ratio
for example, after every 5th response
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variable ratio
for example, after every 5th response on average
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time-based schedules
fixed and variable inervals
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fixed interval
for example, after every 30 mins
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variable interval
for example, after every 30 mins on average
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behavioural pharmacology
the study of how drugs influence behaviour
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imitation
an innate tendency to learn by observing the behaviour of others, allows acquisition of operantly and classically conditioned responses.
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shallow learning
memorising facts, acquisition of knowledge
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deep learning
understanding material, abstracting meaning
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skinners contribution to operant conditioning
rat was either given a food pellet, electric shock or had the electric shock taken away wwhen they pushed a lever, the amount of times was recorded to see how likely they were to repeate the behaviour
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social learning theory
learning by imitating the posively reinforced role models behaviour in anticipation of a similar level of reward.
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vicarious (indirect) reinforcement in social learning theory
observing behaviour being directly positively reinforced in a role model.
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modelling in social learning theory
the person is likely to imitate the models behaviour in anticipation of a similar level of direct positive reinforcement.
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role models in social learning theory
those that are the same sex, age, peer group and ethnic background that you can identify with they may be alive and they may be in the media.
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mediational processes in social learning theory
attention, retention, motivation and reproduction
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attention in social learning theory
must be paid to a high status role model that they identify with.
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retention in social learning theory
observed behaviours ust be memorised
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motivation in social learning theory
want to reproduce the behaviour due to indirect positive reinforcement but onlly if they judge the rewards of imitation to be greater than the costs and if they believe they have the self-efficacy
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self-efficacy in social learning theory
if they believe they have the required skills to perform the behaviour successfully
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reprooduction in social learning theory
an observed behaviour is imitated in anticipation of a similar level of direct positive reinforcement
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banduras contributions to social learning theory
36 male and 36 female 4 year old and watched a role model either behaved aggresively towards a bobo doll for 10 minutes or played calmly. After that the kids were led innto another room and their behaviour observed to see if the replicated role model
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What is habituation?

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strong initial responses to a novel event decreases with frequency of exposure (for example, wearing clothes)

Card 3

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What is an orienting response?

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Card 4

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What is classical conditioning?

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Card 5

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Acquisition in classical conditioning

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