Psychology: Social Influence - Conformity
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- Created by: XmyG111
- Created on: 10-11-20 13:09
What is Social Influence?
The change in behaviour that one person causes in another, intentionally or unintentionally.
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Philip Zimbardo (1995)
Conformity
Conformity
Conformity is.. "a tendency for people to adopt the behaviour, attitudes and values of other members of a reference group".
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What is Compliance?
- The weakest level of Conformity.
- A person changes their public behaviour, but not their private beliefs.
- Behaviour stops when the pressure stops.
- Often the result of Normative Social Influence.
- A person changes their public behaviour, but not their private beliefs.
- Behaviour stops when the pressure stops.
- Often the result of Normative Social Influence.
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What is Identification?
- The middle level of Conformity.
- A person changes their public behaviour and private beliefs, but only in the presence of the group they are identifying with.
- A short-term change.
- Often a result of Normative Social Influence.
- A person changes their public behaviour and private beliefs, but only in the presence of the group they are identifying with.
- A short-term change.
- Often a result of Normative Social Influence.
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What is Internalisation?
- The deepest level of Conformity.
- A person changes their public behaviour and private beliefs.
- A long-term change.
- Often the result of Informational Social Influence.
- A person changes their public behaviour and private beliefs.
- A long-term change.
- Often the result of Informational Social Influence.
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Deutch & Gerard (1955)
- They suggested a two-process theory that proposes there are two reasons why people conform.
- The desire to be right (ISI)
- The desire to be liked (NSI)
- The desire to be right (ISI)
- The desire to be liked (NSI)
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Informational Social Influence (ISI)
- Instances where people conform because they are uncertain about what to do, so they look for guidance.
- Agree with the majority because we think they are correct.
- Cognitive process.
- This tends to lead to Internalisation.
- The desire to be right.
- Agree with the majority because we think they are correct.
- Cognitive process.
- This tends to lead to Internalisation.
- The desire to be right.
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Normative Social Influence (NSI)
- Instances where people conform to 'fit in' and gain approval or avoid disapproval by others.
- Do not want to appear foolish/stupid so we follow the groups norms.
- Emotional process.
-Tends to lead to Compliance.
- The desire to be liked.
- Do not want to appear foolish/stupid so we follow the groups norms.
- Emotional process.
-Tends to lead to Compliance.
- The desire to be liked.
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Lucas et al (2000)
Research support for ISI
Research support for ISI
Asked students to problems that were either easy or difficult. There was greater conformity on the more difficult questions, especially if the student's maths skills were poor.
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McGhee and Teevan (1967)
Individual Differences in NSI
Individual Differences in NSI
Found that people who are less concerned with being liked are less likely to be affected by NSI.
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What year did the Asch Line Experiment take place?
1951
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What was the aim of the Asch Line Experiment?
To see if, or how the participants conformed under social pressure from a majority.
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How many people took part in the Asch Experiment?
123 male American undergraduates.
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How many trials were there, per experiment, in the Asch Line Study?
18
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Who replicated Asch's experiment in 1980?
Perrin and Spencer
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How were participants sat during the Asch Line Experiment trials?
In a line, with the actual participant coming second to last.
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How many incorrect answers out of the 18 trials did the confederates give in the Asch Line Study?
12/18
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On the critical trails, what percentage of participants gave a wrong answer?
(Asch Line Experiment)
(Asch Line Experiment)
37%
(They conformed on more than 1/3 of trials)
(They conformed on more than 1/3 of trials)
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How many participants on critical trails did not conform at all?
(Asch Line Experiment)
(Asch Line Experiment)
25% did not conform at all.
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What explanation did participants give post-study as to why they conformed?
(Asch Line Experiment)
(Asch Line Experiment)
Normative Social Influence
(NSI)
(NSI)
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What was the first variation of Asch's Line Experiment?
Group Size.
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How did Group Size affect the study?
(Asch Line Experiment)
(Asch Line Experiment)
- If there were only 2 confederates, conformity was low.
- 3 confederates = 31.8%
- 7 confederates = 36.8%
- This led to a decrease in conformity.
- 3 confederates = 31.8%
- 7 confederates = 36.8%
- This led to a decrease in conformity.
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What was the second variation of Asch's Line Experiment?
Unanimity.
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How did Unanimity affect the study?
(Asch Line Experiment)
(Asch Line Experiment)
- The participant has an 'ally' who sometimes gave the correct answer.
- The presence of a dissenting confederate reduced conformity to 25%
- This led to a decrease in conformity.
- The presence of a dissenting confederate reduced conformity to 25%
- This led to a decrease in conformity.
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What was the third variation of Asch's Line Experiment?
Task Difficulty.
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How did Task Difficulty affect the study?
(Asch Line Experiment)
(Asch Line Experiment)
- Made tasks harder (lines closer together).
- Conformity increased when the task was more difficult.
- Suggests ISI took place due to uncertainty.
- This led to an increase in conformity.
- Conformity increased when the task was more difficult.
- Suggests ISI took place due to uncertainty.
- This led to an increase in conformity.
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What are the limitations of Asch's Research?
- The study cannot be replicated to real life situations (Lacks Internal Validity).
- Ethical Issues.
- Conformity is not consistent across situations and times.
- Only American Male participants
- Ethical Issues.
- Conformity is not consistent across situations and times.
- Only American Male participants
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What was the Stanford Prison Experiment
research into?
research into?
Conformity.
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What year was the study carried out in?
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
1969.
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What year was the study published?
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
1971.
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Who made up the sample?
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
24 Male College students.
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How much were the participants paid for participating?
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
$15 a day.
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How many guards and prisoners were there in the SPE?
12 Guards and 12 Prisoners.
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What were the guards given to wear?
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
- Given a military-style uniform.
- Mirrored glasses.
- Mirrored glasses.
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What happened to the prisoners prior to the experiment?
(Stanford Prison Study)
(Stanford Prison Study)
- Arrested the night before.
- Blindfolded.
- Issued a uniform and a number.
- Deloused.
- Blindfolded.
- Issued a uniform and a number.
- Deloused.
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What happened on the first night of the Stanford Prison Experiment?
The prisoners rebelled.
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What happened after the failed rebellion on
Day 1?
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
Day 1?
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
- The prisoners became subdued, anxious and depressed.
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Who was the first Prisoner to be released, why
and when did this happen?
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
and when did this happen?
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
- #8612.
- He suffered from extreme stress.
- Released on Day 1.
- He suffered from extreme stress.
- Released on Day 1.
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What is the term for 'Abused Power'?
Pathology of Power.
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Which guard admitted to showing Demand Characteristics in his role of the Guard?
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
(Stanford Prison Experiment)
David Eshelman.
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What was one limitation of the Stanford Prison Experiment and why?
- Low External Validity.
- The guards had no training and the prisoners were not criminals.
- The guards had no training and the prisoners were not criminals.
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Conclusions of the Stanford Prison Experiment.
- Situations have great power over individuals behaviours.
- The guards, prisoners and researchers all conformed to their roles within the
prison.
- All participants conformed very easily to the social role they had been given.
- The guards, prisoners and researchers all conformed to their roles within the
prison.
- All participants conformed very easily to the social role they had been given.
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Strengths of the Stanford Prison Experiment
- Has high internal validity.
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Weaknesses of the Stanford Prison Experiment
- Zimbardo's conclusions were exaggerated.
-Major ethical issues; The Right to Withdraw, Protection from Psychological and Physical harm.
-Major ethical issues; The Right to Withdraw, Protection from Psychological and Physical harm.
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Fromm (1973)
(SPE)
(SPE)
- Noticed that only around 1/3 of the guards behaved in a brutal manner.
- Another 1/3 applied the rules fairly.
- The final 1/3 tried to help the prisoners, and emphasised with them.
- Another 1/3 applied the rules fairly.
- The final 1/3 tried to help the prisoners, and emphasised with them.
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Banuazizi and Movahedi (1975)
(SPE)
(SPE)
- Argued that behaviour of participants was a result of Demand Characteristics. Many students could have correctly guessed the purpose of the experiment and thus changed their behaviour.
- One SPE guard stated that his behaviour was based off of a charact
- One SPE guard stated that his behaviour was based off of a charact
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Conformity is.. "a tendency for people to adopt the behaviour, attitudes and values of other members of a reference group".
Back
Philip Zimbardo (1995)
Conformity
Conformity
Card 3
Front
- The weakest level of Conformity.
- A person changes their public behaviour, but not their private beliefs.
- Behaviour stops when the pressure stops.
- Often the result of Normative Social Influence.
- A person changes their public behaviour, but not their private beliefs.
- Behaviour stops when the pressure stops.
- Often the result of Normative Social Influence.
Back
Card 4
Front
- The middle level of Conformity.
- A person changes their public behaviour and private beliefs, but only in the presence of the group they are identifying with.
- A short-term change.
- Often a result of Normative Social Influence.
- A person changes their public behaviour and private beliefs, but only in the presence of the group they are identifying with.
- A short-term change.
- Often a result of Normative Social Influence.
Back
Card 5
Front
- The deepest level of Conformity.
- A person changes their public behaviour and private beliefs.
- A long-term change.
- Often the result of Informational Social Influence.
- A person changes their public behaviour and private beliefs.
- A long-term change.
- Often the result of Informational Social Influence.
Back
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