When an observer associates themselves with a role model because they want to be like them.
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What is imitation?
Copying the behaviour of others.
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What is vicarious reinforcement?
Reinforcement that is not directly experienced but occurs through observation of someone else being reinforced for their behaviour.
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What are mediational processes?
Cognitive factors that influence the learning process by determining whether a new response is acquired.
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What is modelling?
When an observer imitates the behaviour of a role model or when a role model demonstrates specific behaviour that can be imitated.
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What are the mediational processes?
Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation.
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How do children acquire their gender identity?
Through observation of others in their environment and direct reinforcement.
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What aspects of a child's environment influence their gender development?
Media, parents, peers, teachers, siblings etc.
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What is differential reinforcement?
When boys and girls are reinforced differently depending on what the culture thinks is acceptable for both genders e.g. girls should like dolls and handbags and boys should like football and cars.
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What is 1/3 pieces of supporting evidence?
Perry and Bussey - showed 20 children between 8-10 film of male and female selecting fruit from a bowel. Female chose banana and male chose orange. Children chose same fruit as their same sex role model. Supports identification and imitation.
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What is the 2/3 pieces of supporting evidence?
Smith and Lloyd - dressed 4-6 month old babies half the time in boys clothes and half in girls clothes. When observed adults interacting, babies dressed as boys were given rattle shaped hammer and babies dressed in girls clothes given a doll.
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What aspect of SLT does this support?
Shows differential reinforcement because people treated the babies differently depending on whether they were dressed as boys or girls.
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What is the 3/3 piece of supporting evidence?
The increasing lack of distinction between masculine and feminine traits in a Western society reflects the increase in androgynous behaviour being reported in young adults.
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What does this show and why is this a limitation of the biological explanation of gender development?
Shows differential reinforcement isn't so obvious and that role models aren't so stereotypical anymore and shows that traits of females and males are becoming more similar so genes and chromosomes don't have massive effect.
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What is the contradictory evidence?
David Reimer or toy preference with monkeys (biological)
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What are the other explanations explaining gender development?
Biological explanation - hormones and chromosomes.
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What are the practical application of the SLT being applied to gender development?
TV shows, films etc can show content that challenges stereotypes.
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Which issues and debates are relevant to SLT?
Determinism vs free will. Deterministic because you can't help how you're bought up but mediational processes have an element of free will.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is identification?
Back
When an observer associates themselves with a role model because they want to be like them.
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