Psychology Attachment Cards

Feldman & Eidelman (2007)

Reciprocity

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Meltzoff & Moore (1977)

Observed the beginnings of interactional synchrony - Childs response was filmed - An association between the expression or gesture the adult has displayed and the actions of the babies was found

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Isabella et al (1989)

Studied 30 mothers and infants together and assessed the degree of synchrony - high levels of synchrony - better quality mother-infant attachment

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Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Parent-infant attachment - Found majority of babies became attached to their mothers first (7 months) and later formed secondary attachments

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Grossman (2002)

Longitudinal study - suggested that fathers attachment role is more to do with play and stimulation and less to do with nurturing

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Field (1978)

Fathers as primary carers - Fathers tended to take on typical mother behaviour - can be primary caregivers.

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Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

60 babies from working class background glasgow - interviewed parents - stranger/separation anxiety - by 40 weeks 80% of babies had a specific attachment

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Lorenz

Imprinting - Geese - Sexual imprinting - critical period

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Harlow (1958)

Monkeys - Surrogate mothers

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Guiton et al (1966)

Chickens - yellow washing up gloves - Suggested impact of imprinting on mating behavior isn't as permanent as Lorenz believed - contradicts Lorenz

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Dollard and Miller (1950)

Learning theory

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Bowlby

Monotropic theory - Social releasers and critical period - Internal working model

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Brazelton et al (1975)

When parents ignored their babies signals the babies showed distress - curled up lying motionless - supports social releasers (Bowlby)

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Bailey et al (2007)

99 mothers with 1 year old babies - Mothers who report poor attachment to their own parents were more likely to have children classified with poor attachment - Supports

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Ainsworth (1969)

Strange situation - Proximity seeking - Exploration & secure-base - Stranger - Seperation - Reunion - 3 attachment types

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Kokkinos (2007)

Insecure-resistant attachment is associated with the worst outcomes including bullying - supports Ainsworth

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Bick et al (2012)

Looked at inter-rater reliability in team of trained strange situation observers and found agreement on attachment type for 94% of tested babies

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Takahashi (1990)

Strange situation may be culture bound - won't work in japan as mothers are so rarely separated from babies - high anxiety, problem with reunion.

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Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)

Repeated strange situation in 8 other countries - Secure attachment most common however proportion varied from 75% Britain to 50% China

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Simonella et al (2014)

Italian study - strange situation - suggests cultural changes can make a difference to patterns of secure and insecure attachment

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Bowlbys 44 thieves study (1944)

14 out of 44 could be described as affectionless psychopaths, 12 of the 14 experienced prolonged seperation from their mothers in the first 2 years of their lives

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Lewis (1954)

Partially replicated the 44 thieves study, looking at 500 young people. A history of early prolonged separation didn't predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships.

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Koluchova (1976)

Czechoslovakion twins isolated from age of 18 months (locked in cupboard) however afterwards were looked after by 2 loving adults and seemed to fully recover - contradicts the 'critical period'

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Rutter et al (2011)

165 romanian orphans adopted in britain - Physical,cognitive&emotional development assesed ages 4,6,11,15 - appeared to be a different outcome related to whether adoption was before or after 6 months - disinhibited attachment

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Zeanah et al (2005)

assessed attachment in 95 kids aged 12-31 months who spent lives in institutional care compared to control group 50 children - Strange Sit - 74% of control group securely attached however only 19% of institutional group securely attached

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Langton (2006)

Real-life application for Romanian Orphan studies - orphanages avoid having large number of caregivers for each child - gives child chance to develop normal attachment

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Smith (1998)

Assessed attachment type and bullying involvement using standard questionnaires on 196 children aged 7-11 - secure children unlikely to be involved in bullying - insecure-avoidant most likely to be victims - isecure-resistant most likely to bully

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McCarthy (1999)

Securely attached infants had best adult friendships and romantic relationships - Insecure-avoidant problems maintaining friendships - insecure-avoidant problems with intimacy in romantic relationships

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Hazan & Shaver (1987)

620 replies to 'Love Quiz' - Respondents = Those reporting secure attachment were most likely to have good relationships, avoidant respondents tended to reveal jealousy and fear of intimacy. - Suggests the attachment patterns reflect in relationships

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Zimmerman (2000)

Found very little relationship between quality of infant and adolescent attachment - Contradicts the idea of internal working models

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Psychology Attachment Cards

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