Psychodynamic + Humanistic Approach

?
What is the psychodynamic approach?
An approach that describes different unconscious dynamics that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience
1 of 54
What did Freud suggest about the mind?
That the mind is made up of the conscious and unconscious
2 of 54
What is the conscious?
The part of the brain that we know about- it's just the tip of the iceberg
3 of 54
What is the unconscious?
A vast store of biological drives and instincts that influence our behaviour and personality. This also includes threatning and disturbing memories that are repressed and forgotten
4 of 54
What is the preconscious?
A part of the mind, just under the surface of the conscious
5 of 54
What does the preconscious include?
Thoughts and ideas we may become aware of in dreams and through slips of the tongue (freudian slips/parapraxes)
6 of 54
What did Freud suggest about the personality?
It had 3 components (tripartite)
7 of 54
What is the id?
The primitive part of our personality. It's a mass of unconscious instincts and drives, and seeks selfish pursuits and instant gratification.
8 of 54
What is the id based on?
The pleasure principle.
9 of 54
When is it present?
At birth (baby's a bundles of id) and continues throughout life
10 of 54
What is the ego based on?
The reality principle
11 of 54
What is the ego?
Part of the personality that tries to reduce the conflict between the demands of the id and superego, by employing defence mechanisms
12 of 54
When does the ego develop?
From age 2
13 of 54
What are the defence mechanisms employed by the ego?
Repression, denial and displacement
14 of 54
What is the superego?
Our internalised sense of what's right and what's wrong. It represents the moral standards of our same sex parent and punishes the ego for wrongdoing through guilt
15 of 54
When does the superego develop?
Form age 5
16 of 54
What principle is the superego based on?
The morality principle
17 of 54
What are the psychosexual stages?
Stages of a child's development
18 of 54
What does each stage apart from latency include?
A conflict the child must overcome in order to progress to the next
19 of 54
What happens if the child doesn't resolve the conflict?
'Fixation' occurs where the child is stuck and carries certain behaviours + conflicts associated with that stage onto adulthood
20 of 54
What are the 5 stages?
Oral (0-1) , anal (1-2), phallic (3-5), latency + genital
21 of 54
What is the oral stage?
When the focus of pleasure is mouth. The mother's breast is the object of desire
22 of 54
What is anal stage?
The focuse of pleasure is the anal. The child gains pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces.
23 of 54
What is the phallic stage?
The focus of pleasure is the genitals. The child experiences oedipus complex (boys) or electra complex (girls).
24 of 54
What is the latency stage?
The child represses earlier conflicts
25 of 54
What is the genital stage?
The childs sexual desires become conscious during puberty
26 of 54
The consequence of the oral stage?
Oral fixtation; nail biting, sarcasm, critical + smoking
27 of 54
The consequences of the anal stage?
Anal retentive; perfectionist + obsession & anal explusive; thoughtless + messy
28 of 54
The consequences of phallic stage?
Phallic personality; narcissistic, reckless + homosexual
29 of 54
The consequence of the genital stage?
Difficulty forming heterosexual
30 of 54
What is the problem with Freud basing his theory on case-studies?
They are not representative of the population; so findings can't be generalised (lack population validity)
31 of 54
What else is wrong with case studies used by Freud?
He studied individuals who were psychologically abnormal- so findings can't be generalised to population
32 of 54
Why does Freud's theory lack scientific value?
Lack of research evidence + abstract concepts can't be scientifically tested, so don't meet the criterion of falscification + can't be proved wrong
33 of 54
Why is the psychodynamic approach deterministic?
It ignores the notion of free will; your childhood experience=adulthood experience + states that we are not in control of our thoughts + behaviour; instead the personality is
34 of 54
What is a strength of Freud's theory today?
It introduced and influenced psychological therapy
35 of 54
Another strength of the psychodynamic approach?
The ideas Freud suggested are still accepted today e.g. idea of the conscious. & the words he used 'ego' 'anal' are still used today, showing how much he influenced society
36 of 54
What is the humanistic approach?
An approach to understanding behaviour that emphasises the importance of subjective experience + the capacity of each person for self determination
37 of 54
What is free will?
The belief that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external factors
38 of 54
What do humanistic psychologists such as Maslow + Rogers reject?
Scientific models that try to establish general principles of human behaviour
39 of 54
What do humanistic psychologists suggest?
That we study subjective experiences insetad of geneal laws, because everyone is unqiue.
40 of 54
What is self-actualisation?
The idea that every individual has the innate ability to achieve their full potential
41 of 54
Where is self-actualisation found?
At the highest level of Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
42 of 54
How is self-actualisation achieved?
By achieving all 4 levels of the hierarchy
43 of 54
Why may not everyone achieve their full potential?
Due to psychological barriers
44 of 54
What did Roger's suggest?
That for personal growth to be achieved, a individuals concept of 'self' must be congruent to their 'ideal self'. If the gap is too big they will not reach self-actualisation due to negative feelings.
45 of 54
What did Roger develop & why?
Client-centred therapy; to help clients reduce the gap between their concept of self and ideal self
46 of 54
How did Roger's explain feelings of worthlessness and low self-esteem?
As rooted in childhood, explained by uncondtional positive regard (or lack of unconditonal love) from our parents
47 of 54
What are conditions of worth?
When a parent sets boundaries or limits on the love for their child. This stores up psychological problems for the child in the future.
48 of 54
What is a benefit of the humanistic approach, unlike other approaches?
It is not deterministic. It rejects breaking down behaviour + experiencs into smaller components; but instead believes that the subjective experience can only be understood by considering the whole person
49 of 54
Why does it have more validity than other approaches?
Because it considers meaningful human behaviour in its real-life context
50 of 54
Why are humanistic psychologists praised?
For bringing back the person to psychology
51 of 54
Why is the approach therefore positive?
It has an optimistic outlook on humans; we are all capable of reaching our potential, we are free to work towards our potential and are in control of our lives
52 of 54
Why is the approach limited?
Because it has had limited impact in the discipline of psychology (despite Roger's therapy revolutionising counselling + the Maslow's hierarchy's explanation of motivation)
53 of 54
Why might the approach have little application?
Because it lacks sound evidence-based. The loose set of abstract concepts can't be scientifically tested (provide empirical evidence)
54 of 54

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What did Freud suggest about the mind?

Back

That the mind is made up of the conscious and unconscious

Card 3

Front

What is the conscious?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the unconscious?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the preconscious?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Approaches resources »