PS2822 week 7 Language roduction

Components of Language production

The phonological or sound-part of words.

Morphology (morphemes).

The semantic or meaning of words.

The syntactic category of the word.

Syntactic rules

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Prosody

The particular rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody and intonation pattern used when speaking a language.

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Prosodic cues

cues include rhythm, stress and intonation,

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Discourse markers

Discourse markers, such as ‘OK’, ‘actually’, ‘yeah’, ‘I mean’, ‘well’, etc.
These markers do not contribute to the content of what we are talking about.
They have different functions, such as change of topic, show politeness, etc.
To give us time to put

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Pauses and hesitations

We use pauses (silence) and hesitations (e.g., “um”, “er”, “ah”, etc.) to give us some time to plan our speech
There are more pauses between clauses than within a clause.
To help maintain fluency of speech, we tend to produce phrases used before. Accordi

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Speech Errors - Lexical selection

Semantic word substitutions: the word that replaces the intended word is in 99% of the cases semantically related

Blending: Two different expressions are activated at the same time and they get blended

Word exchange errors: Two words in a sentence switc

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Speech Errors : Morpheme

Morpheme-exchange errors: the inflections or suffixes appear in the right position but are attached to the wrong word.
Examples:
He has already trucked two packs;
A disorder of speech, speakly stricting is (intended: strictly speaking);
it sounded to

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Speech Errors : phonology

Phonological word substitution (or malapropism): the sound of part of a word is substituted by another one.
The word that emerges is normally another word of the language which had not direct related meaning to the intended word.
cat  mat;
mushroom 

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Speech Errors: sound/letter level

Spoonerism: the first sound/letter (or 2-3 sounds/letters) of two words are exchanged.

Lohn Jennon (intended: John Lennon).

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Spreading-activation theory

Computational model
Spreading activation consist of four levels:
Semantic level: the meaning of words or sentences.
Syntactic level: the grammatical structure of words in the planned sentence.
Morphological level: the morphemes in the planned sentence.
Ph

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The spreading - Activation Theory evaluation

Strengths
Predicts many speech errors that occur in everyday language:
Mixed-error effect: processing can be highly interactive
Notion of spreading activation provides links to other cognitive processes
E.g., word recognition
Generative nature of spok

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Weaver++

The production of individual spoken words and not in the production of sentences.

Conceptual preparation
Lexical Selection
Morphological encoding
Phonological encoding
phonetic encoding
articulation

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Weaver++ - Evaluation

Strengths
Indefrey and Levelt’s (2004) meta-analysis supports notion that word production moves from:
Lexical selection
Morphological encoding
Phonological encoding
Shifts the focus away from errors and towards precise timing of word production proce

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Aging and language production

Burke & Shafto (2004) the ability to produce familiar words declines with aging.
Semantic processing is as good for older than younger adults.
However, older adults experience more “tip-of-the tongue” states compared with younger adults.
Burke & Shafto (2

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Anomia (“without name”)

Patients have difficulty in finding the right word to name an object, action, etc.

They are good at object recognition.

Some patients have difficulties in naming objects belonging to some categories (e.g., living objects) but not others (e.g., non-li

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Anomia and brain damage

Temporal pole causes anomia for proper nouns.

Inferior temporal cortex causes anomia for common nouns.

Frontal cortex, in and around Broca’s area causes anomia for verbs.

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PS2822 week 7 Language roduction

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