Political parties

Two party system

Were two fairly equal parties compete for power at elections and others have realistic chance of breaking their duopoly.

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Internal pary democrcy

A measure of the extent to which members have power within a party. A party is judged by:how leaders are chosen, how mps are selected, how party policy is made.

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Affiliated organisations

Groups that are linked to a politial party, for example, labour and its relationship with the trade unions. Their affiliate status means that they retain a certain degree of input to the development of policies and electing party officials.

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Women only shortlists

where a constituency party is required to draw up an all female shortlist from which their mp will be chosen. It is usually used in a safe seat.

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Short money

Money paid to the opposition to help them cover the cost of administration etc for proper scrutiny of the government. It was made by Edward Short and was introduced in 1974 and it is available for all parties that get over 150,000 votes.

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Cranborne money

In the house of lords, such payments to opposition parties are known as cranborne money after Lord Cranbourne, the leader of the lords in 1996 when it was introduced.

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Authoritarian

An approach that favours strict obedience to the authority of the state.

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Libertarian

An approach that favours civil liberties and the rights of the individual over the authority of the state. Libertarians believe that society as a whole is best served by allowing citizens to operat relativey freely of the state.

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Political spectrum

A device by which different political standpoints can be mapped across one axis or more as a way of demonstrating their ideological position in relation to one another.

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Conservatism

An ideology that favours a pragmatic approach to dealing with problems whilst seeking to keep the status quo.

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Paternalism

Where power and authority are held centerally but the state acts benevolantly, caring for the neediest. Paternalism is said to be a key characteristic of traditional 'one nation' conservatism.

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Adversarial politics

The isntinctive antagonism between the two main Westminster parties, similar to so called 'yah-boo' politics. The theory was commonly applied to Uk politics in the 1970's.

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Monetarism

An economic theory that advocates constolling the money supply as a means of keeping inflation in check.

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Postwar consensus

The broad agreement between Labour and Conservative parties over domestic and foreign policy that emerged after the second world war. It began to break down in 1970 and was said to have ended with the adversarial approach that came with Thatcherism.

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Thatcherism

An ideological approach combining a free market, neo-liberal economic policy with a more orthadox conservative social policy. Thatcherism was dominant in the 1980s and 90s.

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Neo liberalism

A political ideology closely related to classial liberalism. They stress the importance of the free market, individuals rights and limited government. In the UK this is closesly assoiated with Thatcherism.

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Socialism

An ideology advocating greater equality and the redistribution of wealth. They are suspicious of capitalism and they favour greater government invervention, both economically and socially. It was seen as similar to communism but this stopped in 1990.

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revisionist socialism

looks to improve capitalism.

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revolutionary socialism

aims to abolish capitalism and bring all property into common ownership.

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Social Democracy

An ideology that accepts the the baisic premise of capitalism while advocating a more equitable distribution of wealth along the lines favoured by all socialists.

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Old Labour

Characterising the labour party prior to the modernisation started by Neil Kinnock and finished by 1983. It reffers to the parties historic socialism and links to trade unions and the old working class.

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New Labour

First used by Blair in 1994 it involved less power for the trade unions and made the party more appealing to middle class voters. It was characterised by the proess of triangulation.

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Tringulation

Melding core labour views and lessons learnet by thatcherism. It was associated with new labour and the notion of the third way.

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Third way

An ideological possition said to exist between socialism and capitalism and was associated with new labour.

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Social justice

The goal of greater equality of outcome, as opposed to equality of opportunity alone. It is achieved through progressive taxation and other forms of wealth redistribution. It is associated with labour and left wing parties.

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Gang of four

The four labour ministers who left labour to form the social democrats in 1981.

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SDP-Liberal Alliance

The electoral aliance between the liberal party and the SDP that was in place in 1983. The two parties merged in 1988 to form the liberal democrats.

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Liberalism

A political ideology associated with personal liberty, toleration and limited government. It has two strands, Classical liberalism and Progressive Liberalism.

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Classical liberalism

An early form of liberalism favouring minimal state intrvention that formed in the 1900s. They stressed the importance of freedom, toleration and equality. They believed that self reliance and self improvement had a bigger part to play than the state

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Progressive liberalism

Saw the need for some regulation of the market as well as the provision of baisic welfare which then developed into the mixed economy. This provided the ideological foundtion for all liberal parties and the liberal demcrats.

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Political parties

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