Religion as a Conservative Force: with Perspectives

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  • Created by: FatCat3
  • Created on: 20-10-22 11:32
what are substantive definitions of religion and which sociologist came up with it? name the evaluation of this
Weber- believe in god and supernatural, even if it cant be scientifically explained, their set of beliefs are exclusive(draw line of what is religious and what isn't) -don't speak on religions that believe in 1 specific god
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what are functional definitions of religion and which sociologist spoke about it?
Durkheim- social/psychological functions for individuals ie contributed to social integration, answers questions of life +no bias against non wstrn cultures
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what are constructionist definitions and which sociologist spoke about it? name the evaluations
interpretivists- focus on how the individual defines the religion as ppl have diff experiences, so intesretd in how religions are constructed, changed and challenged -impossible to generalise as religion has so much diversity
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what are the functionalists beliefs on religion?
what is the sacred and profane and who suggests it?
religion provides social order and value consensus
Durkheim- sacred- things that are forbidden, profane- no special significance, praying and rituals allows sacred feelings to be evoked and these symbols present smthn of great power
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what is totemism and who studied this? and what did they find
Durkheim- studied clan society, Australian tribe, and found activities were split into sacred(objects w meaning) and the profane(objects w no meaning) and found it had 4 specific principles, 1. discipline- imposes self-discipline-
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continuing w previous card
-allows individuals to behave sociably
2.cohesion- worship brings community together
3.vitalising- painting old traditions that is passed from gen to gen
4.euphoric- if losing faith, reminds ppl of bigger pic (heaven)
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what is collective conscience and which sociologist spoke about it?
Durkheim- sacred symbols represent society c.c as they have shared norms, values, beliefs and knowledge that makes social life and cooperation between individuals possible
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what are the cognitive functions of religion and who spoke about it?
Durkheim + Mauss- religion source of social solidarity and think conceptually ie in order to think we use categories such as time, and religion is the origin of concepts and categories that are needed for reasoning
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name the evaluations
-evidence on totemism is unclear, Worsley says there no shape division between the scared and profane
-harder to apply theory to large scale societies where there are more religions
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continuing w previous card
-Mestrovic- Durkheim's theory cant be applied to contemporary society due to the increase in diversity
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what are the psychological functions it provides and who spoke about it?
Malinowski found for the Trobriana islanders only worshiped religion when fishing was more dangerous as it gave them control and made them more at ease to help deal w anxious times. this helps stabilise society and provides social solidarity.
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when does this apply to real life context?
these events irl could be birth, death, exams, etc
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what is meant by values and meanings of religion and who suggested this?
Parsons agrees religion helps ppl cope w unforeseen events and has 2 functions
1.creates and legitimates society central values
2.primary source of meanings ie answering ultimate questions about ie why ppl suffer
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what is civil religion and who suggests this?
Bellan- religions are able to unify in a multi faith society but attaching sacred qualities to each belief systems, therefore civil regions integrates society in a way that many diff religions exist ie America- "one nation under god", doesn't-
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continuing w previous card
-specify which god and therefore creates and 'American God'
these religious activities can be seen through ie national anthem- hymns, flag- symbol, etc
creates social cohesion and functions as it acts as a religion
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what are functional alternatives?
non religious beliefs and practices preform functions similar to those of organised religions, reinforcing shared values ie Germany wanted top unite ppl through political beliefs
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name the evaluations of functionalism?
-neglects negative functions of religion ie opresses women
-ignores religion as source of division+conflict
-idea of civil religion is confusing as overcoming a belief system in society isn't a religion
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what are marxist theories of religion?
religion is the opiate (drug) of the masses, acts a drug as it conditions workers in misery who are being exploited by mc to rely on religion, links to the idea of divine right of kings
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what sociologist spoke about spiritual gin and what did they say?
Lenin said religion is a spiritual gin where the mc use religion cynically to cradle a mythical fog which covers reality for wc and makes them accept the position they're in
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what is religion as alienation? how does this link to the ISA and who spoke about it?
religion is a product of alienation by separating+controlling wc through religion, Althusser spoke about how this could transmit the dominant ideology and maintain. false class consciousness
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how is religion a dual character and who spoke about it?
Engels argue religion has a dual character that performs conservative function but also has potential to drive social change
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name the evaluations of this
+marx shows how religion is negative
-some marxists reject alienation as unscientific and based on a romantic idea that humans have 'true self'
-religion doesn't function as an ideology
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what are feminist theories of ideology?
evidence of patriarchy includes?;
.religious organisations mainly male dominated ie orthodox catholicism women cant be priests
.places of worship- separate sexes ie menstruating women not allowed to participate in rituals
.sacred texts- male gods, prophets + everything-
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continuing w previous card
-written by men
.religious laws and customs- give women fewer rights then men ie access to divorce
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what do feminists argue about women in earlier ages? name the sociologist talks about it
women haven't always been subordinate to men ie earlier there were mother goddesses, etc. saadwai argues religion isn't direct cause of subordination just the patriarchal forms of society coming into existence
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name the evaluations
-Woodhead argues fem don't see modern religions are not oppressed such as hijab back then was oppression but now its seen as a form of liberation ie young British muslim women wore hijabs to ask parents to go to HE
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continuing previous card
-piety movements- Rinaldo sees MC urban women joining movement that speaks on their dress, role, prayers etc and ignores women of other backgrounds that have limited access of resources ie education or income to start these movements
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what are functional definitions of religion and which sociologist spoke about it?

Back

Durkheim- social/psychological functions for individuals ie contributed to social integration, answers questions of life +no bias against non wstrn cultures

Card 3

Front

what are constructionist definitions and which sociologist spoke about it? name the evaluations

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what are the functionalists beliefs on religion?
what is the sacred and profane and who suggests it?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is totemism and who studied this? and what did they find

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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