paper 3 - forensic

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what are the 3 ways of measuring crime?
official statistics, victim surveys and offender surveys
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what is the top down approach in offender profiling?
characteristics of offender determined by crime scene, FBI use data from interviews w/serial killers to work out typ.char. for certain crime scene to use as template.
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what are the two categories offenders for the top down approach? what do they mean
organised: planned, little evidence, high iq, socially competent disorganised: no plan, impulsive/spontaneous, body left at crime scene, low iq, failed relationships
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4 stages of top down approach?
data assimilation, crime scene classification, crime reconstruction and profile generation
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what is the bottom up approach?
doesn't put offenders in predetermined groups but gradually builds up offender profile by establishing patterns of behaviour that consistently occur which create a statistical database, unlike top down which is subjective & based on police experience
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what are the two parts of the bottom up approach in offender profiling?
investigative psychology and geographical profiling
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what are the features of investigative psychology in the bottom up approach?
inter-personal coherence (the way d acts at crime scene may reflect everyday behav), time & place (clues about where D lives n works, forensic awareness (if cover up may committed before)
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what is geographical profiling?
information to do with the location of linked crime scenes to make inferences about the likely home of D (crime-mapping). assumed serial offenders stick to familiar area so spatial pattern of crime indicative of likely base.
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what is canters circle theory in geographical profiling?
if a circle is drawn that includes a series of linked crimes, the offender will be based somewhere within the circle
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what are the two types of offenders in canters circle theory? what do they mean?
marauder - operates in close proximity of home, commuter - travels to commit crime
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what is the biological explanation of offenders?
atavistic form (Lombroso)
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what is atavistic form?
suggests criminals are genetic throwbacks, they are a primitive sub species and bc of biological savage nature cant ever adjust to civilisation so turn to crime
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what are the atavistic characteristics?
narrow sloping brow, prominent jaw, high cheekbones, facial asymmetry, dark skin, curly hair
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what was lombroso's research on atavistic characteristics?
100s of italian convicts and found 40% of criminals can be detected by characteristics
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how does the diathesis stress model provide a genetic explanation for criminals?
says that offenders may have a criminal genes but are triggered by their environment i.e being raised by criminal role models
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what is the neural explanation of offenders?
there is a neural difference in the brain of criminals and non criminals. for example in anti personal disorder they lack empathy and have reduced emotion which is typical of a criminal
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why does raine et al support the neural explanation?
found that antisocial personalities had reduced activity in their prefrontal cortex which regulates emotional behaviour
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why does keysers et al support neural explanation?
studies mirror neurones. criminals only empathised with character experiencing pain when asked to. they have a different neural structure to non criminals, may have neural switch which turns empathy on/off
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what is the main theory of psychological explanations of offenders?
eysenck's theory of the criminal personality
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what is eysenck's theory of criminal personality?
behaviour can be measured by 3 conditions: introversion/extroversion, neuroticism/stability, Psychotism (ENP). measured in questionnaire, criminals = high E N P
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what did eysenck believe?
he believed our personality traits are biological in origin and are due to the nervous system that we inherit. i.e extroverts = under active nervous system.
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what is the theory of moral reasoning in cognitive explanations for offenders? who by?
Kohlberg - moral reasoning is our understanding of what is right.wrong which develops in stages
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what are the stages of moral reasoning?
pre conventional morality, conventional morality and post conventional morality.
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What is the theory of cognitive distortions in the cognitive explanations of offenders?
distortions is a form of irrational thinking and are ways in which reality has become twisted. Such distortions would allow criminals to rationalise their behaviour
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what are the two aspects of cognitive distortions? what do they mean?
hostile attribution bias - violence triggered by perception that others' actions were aggressive i.e giving a 'funny look'. minimalisation = downplaying serious of offence i.e did it to support family
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what is differential association theory? who by?
sutlerland established scientific principles for types of offending. proposed offending behaviour learnt from interaction w/significant others. i.e if exposure to pro crime outweighs anti they commit crime. learn techniques in prison so reoffend
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what is the psychodynamic explanation: inadequate superego?
superego formed in phallic stage of development; works based on morality, punishes via guilt for wrongdoing and rewards with pride for moral behaviour. if superego inadequate then crime behav inevitable
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what are the 3 types of inadequate superegos?
weak, deviant and over harsh
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what is the psychodynamic explanation: maternal deprivation?
child must develop close bond w/mother in sensitive period (2yrs) to form functioning relationships in future, if not then develops irreversible affectionless psychopathic personality
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what is affectionless psychopathy? what is the study to support this?
lack of empathy and guilt. 44 juvenile thieves study.
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what is custodial sentencing?
when a convincted offender is sentenced to time in prison/institutions.
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what are the 4 aims of custodial sentencing?
deterrence, retribution, rehabilitation, protect public
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what are the 3 effects of custodial sentencing?
stress/depression, institutionalisation (lose identity in institution and find it hard to integrate back into society), personalisation (learn skills from inmates)
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3 types of behaviour modification for offenders?
token economy, anger management and restorative justice.
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how does anger management work to modify criminals behaviour? what are the stages?
recognises anger and manages it. stages: 1) cognitive preparation, 2) skill acquisition, 3) application practise.
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how does restorative justice work to modify the behaviour of offenders?
it rehabilitates offenders via reconciliation with the victims, there is a supervised meeting w/trained mediator. can be alternative to prison or add on to sentence. offender can also give fininacial compensation
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benefits to offender, victim, economy?
move on, gives v a voice, understand effect of actions, opportunity to address issues and change, reduces frequency of re-offending and safer for community
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Card 2

Front

what is the top down approach in offender profiling?

Back

characteristics of offender determined by crime scene, FBI use data from interviews w/serial killers to work out typ.char. for certain crime scene to use as template.

Card 3

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what are the two categories offenders for the top down approach? what do they mean

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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4 stages of top down approach?

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Card 5

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what is the bottom up approach?

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