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6. Amine to salt

  • acid
  • alkali

7. Amide to nitrile

  • P4O10, heat
  • P5O10

8. Amide to Amine

  • Br, NaOH
  • NaOH

9. Amine to Amide

  • acid chloride, r.t.p
  • acid chloride, heat under reflux

10. Nitrile to Amine

  • LiAlH4, dry ether, heat under reflux
  • Acid, heat under reflux

11. amide to CA

  • H2O, acid, r.t.p
  • H2O, alkali, r.t.p
  • H2O, acid, heat
  • H2O,alkali, heat

12. acyl chloride to ester

  • alcohol,r.t.p
  • alcohol, heat

13. Carboxylic acid to amide

  • conc. NH3 or NH3 (aq)
  • KCN in acid

14. Nitrile to amide

  • H2O,H+, heat
  • H2O,r.t.p

15. Nitrile to CA

  • dilute acid, then H2O, heat under reflux
  • conc. acid,then H2O, heat under reflux

16. carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

  • PCl5, r.t.p
  • HCl, r.t.p

17. ester to alcohol and CA

  • NaOH (aq)or H+(aq), heat under reflux
  • LiAlH4, NaOH, heat
  • LiAlH4, NaOH, r.t.p
  • NaOH(aq), r.t.p

18. acyl chlroide to amide

  • NH3 or R-NH2, heat
  • NH3 or R-NH2, r.t.p
  • conc. NH3, r.t.p