Obedience

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  • Created by: asusre
  • Created on: 20-04-21 18:13
Which study designed a baseline procedure that could be used to assess obedience levels?
Milgram (1963) designed a baseline procedure that could be used to assess obedience levels.
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What were the findings of Milgram (1963)?
All participants delivered all the shocks up to 300 volts. 65% of participants continued to the highest level of 450 volts. Participants showed signs of stress, and three had uncontrollable seizures. They were all debriefed, and 84% said they were glad to
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What is one strength of Milgram (1963)?
One strength of Milgram (1963) is that it has research support.
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What research supports Milgram (1963)?
Beauvois et al (2012) investigated obedience of participants who thought they were appearing on a game show and found that 80% of the participants delivered the maximum shock of 460 volts to an apparently unconscious man.
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What are the limitations of Milgram (1963)?
Milgram (1963) may have low internal validity, was gender biased and was unethical.
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Which study argues that Milgram (1963) had low internal validity?
Perry (2013) found that half of the participants did not believe the shocks were real and were responding to demand characteristics.
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Which study found gender differences in obedience rates?
Sheridan and King (1972) found that rates of obedience were higher in women than men.
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How was Milgram (1963) unethical?
Deception, not able to give fully informed consent.
Right to withdraw - ‘the experiment requires you to continue’.
Psychological harm - ashamed, betrayed or humiliated.
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Which situational variables impact obedience?
Proximity, location and uniform impact obedience.
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Which study made variations on Milgram (1963)?
Milgram (1974) studied variations of the original baseline experiment.
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How does proximity impact obedience?
Decreased proximity from the victim allows people to psychologically distance themselves from the consequences of their actions.
Increased proximity of an authority figure increases obedience.
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How did Milgram (1974) show the effect of proximity to the victim?
Milgram (1974) found that obedience dropped from the original 65% to 40% when the learner and teacher were in the same room.
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How did Milgram (1974) show the effect of proximity to the authority figure?
When the experimenter left the room and gave the teacher instructions on the telephone, obedience reduced from the original 65% to 20.5%, with participants frequently pretending to give shocks.
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How does location impact obedience?
Increased status or prestige associated with the location increases obedience as the authority figure is percieved as more legitimate.
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How did Milgram (1974) show the effect of location on obedience?
Milgram’s original (1963) study was conducted at prestigious Yale university. Milgram (1974) conducted a variation in a run-down office block where obedience rates dropped to 47.5%.
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How does uniform impact obedience?
Uniforms increase obedience because uniforms are symbols of authority which indicate that the wearer is entitled to expect our obedience.
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How did Milgram (1974) show the effect of uniform on obedience?
In a variation of the experiment where a confederate wearing everyday clothes was in charge, rather than an experimenter in a lab coat, the obedience rate dropped from the original 65% to 20%.
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What are the strengths of the effect of situational variables on obedience?
There is research support for the impact of uniform and Milgram's findings about the effects of proximity have been replicated in other cultures.
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Which study shows the impact of uniform on obedience?
Bickman (1974) conducted a field experiment where passers-by were ordered by confederates to perform tasks such as pick up rubbish and found that participants were more likely to obey a confederate dressed as a security guard (38%) than one dressed as a m
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Which study replicated Milgram's findings about the effect of proximity in another country?
Meeus and Raajimakers (1986) ordered Dutch participants to say stressful things in an interview with a confederate. 90% of the participants obeyed. When the person giving the orders was not present, obedience decreased dramatically.
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What are the limitations of the effect of situational variables on obedience?
Milgram’s research may have low internal validity and may have ethical implications.
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Which study argues that Milgram's research had low internal validity?
Perry (2013) found that half of the participants did not believe the shocks were real and were responding to demand characteristics. This is a more significant issue in the variations of Milgram’s study as demand characteristics are even likelier due to t
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Which study argued that the situational perspective has ethical implications?
Mandel (1998) argues that it offers an alibi for evil behaviour. He argues that it is offensive to Holocaust survivors to suggest that the Nazis were simply obeying orders, implying that they were victims of situational factors beyond their control.
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What is the agentic state?
The agentic state is a mental state where we feel no personal responsibility for our behaviour because we believe ourselves to be acting as an agent of an authority figure.
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Which study proposed the agentic shift as an explanation of obedience?
Milgram (1974) proposed that obedience to authority occurs due to the agentic state.
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What is the agentic shift and when does it occur?
The agentic shift is the shift from the autonomous to agentic state which occurs when the person giving orders is perceived as an authority figure and they believe that the authority figure will accept responsibility for what happens.
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What is the autonomous state?
The autonomous state is a mental state where someone acts voluntarily and feels responsible for their actions
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What is moral strain?
Moral strain is the anxiety felt by the agent when they realise what they are doing is wrong, but feel powerless to disobey.
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What makes the agent powerless to disobey their orders?
The agent cannot disobey due to binding factors, which are aspects of the situation that allow the person to ignore or minimise the effect of their behaviour, thus reducing the moral strain they are feeling
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What is one strengh of the agentic state?
One strength of the agentic state is that it has research support.
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What research supports the agentic state?
In Milgram (1963), once the experimenter told the participant that they were responsible for any harm done to the learner, the participants often went through the procedure quickly and with no further objections.
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What is one limitation of the agentic state?
One limitation of the agentic state is that it cannot explain instances of disobedience to authority figures.
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Which study shows an instance of disobedience to authority figures?
Rank and Jacobson (1977) found that 16 out of 28 nurses disobeyed orders from a doctor to administer an excessive drug dose to a patient.
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What is legitimacy of authority?
Legitimacy of authority suggests that we are more likely to obey people who we perceive to have authority over us. The power of authority figures is legitimate as society agrees that they should have power in order to help society to run smoothly.
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What is one strength of legitimacy of authority?
One strength of legitimacy of authority is that it has research support.
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Which studies support legitimacy of authority?
Milgram's (1974) variation where a confederate wearing everyday clothes was in charge, rather than an experimenter in a lab coat and the obedience rate dropped from the original 65% to 20%, OR Bickman (1974) - obedience to security guard (38%) and milkman
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What is one limitation of legitimacy of authority?
One limitation of legitimacy of authority is that it cannot explain instances of disobedience of legitimate authority figures.
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Which study shows an instance of disobedience to legitimate authority figures?
Rank and Jacobson (1977) found that 16 out of 28 nurses disobeyed orders from a doctor to administer an excessive drug dose to a patient.
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Which study proposed the authoritarian personality as a dispositional explanation of obedience?
Adorno et al (1950) argued that people with an authoritarian personality were especially susceptible to obeying authority figures.
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What makes people with an authoritarian personality more obedient?
People with an authoritarian personality show extreme submissiveness to authority figures. They view society as weaker than it once was, believing that we need strong leaders to enforce traditional values. They show contempt for those of inferior social s
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What causes the authoritarian personality?
Adorno et al (1950) believed that the authoritarian personality type forms in childhood due to a harsh, critical, hierarchical parenting style which features strict discipline, severe criticism of perceived failings, and conditional love. These childhood
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What did Adorno et al (1950) use to measure the authoritarian personality?
Adorno et al (1950) developed the F-scale to study the unconscious attitudes of 2000 white middle-class Americans towards other racial groups.
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What did Adorno et al (1950) find in its investigation using the F-scale?
Adorno et al (1950) found that those who scored high on the F-scale showed extreme respect to those of higher status and contempt for the weak, which are traits that are the basis of obedience. They found a strong positive correlation between authoritaria
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What is one strength of the authoritarian personality?
One strength of the authoritarian personality is that it has research support.
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What research supports the authoritarian personality?
Elms and Milgram (1966) interviewed a small sample of the participants of Milgram’s original studies who had been completely obedient.
and found that they scored significantly higher on the F-scale than a comparison group of disobedient participants.
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What are the limitations of the authoritarian personality?
The authoritarian personality ignores other factors, is politically biased and is based on the F-scale, which is methodologically flawed.
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Which study shows the importance of other factors on obedience?
Middendorp and Meleon (1990) found that less-educated people are more authoritarian and more obedient than the well-educated.
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Which study shows that the F-scale is politically biased?
Christie and Jahoda (1954) argued that the F-scale only measures the tendency towards extreme right-wing authoritarianism whilst ignoring left-wing authoritarian ideologies, such as Chinese Maoism or Russian Bolshevism.
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Which study argues that the F-scale is methodologically flawed?
Greenstein (1969) argues that the F-scale is methodologically flawed. For example, it is possible to get a high score just by selecting ‘agree’ answers, which means that anyone with this response bias is assessed as having an authoritarian personality.
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What were the findings of Milgram (1963)?

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All participants delivered all the shocks up to 300 volts. 65% of participants continued to the highest level of 450 volts. Participants showed signs of stress, and three had uncontrollable seizures. They were all debriefed, and 84% said they were glad to

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What is one strength of Milgram (1963)?

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What research supports Milgram (1963)?

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What are the limitations of Milgram (1963)?

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