Non-communicable diseasaes

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Whats the difference between communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases?
Non-communicable diseases can't be spread between organisms, while communicable diseases can be spread
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Non-communicable diseases can represent a massive financial burden. Can you give three bits of evidence to support this statement?
Around 10% of Britain’s annual health budget is required to treat those suffering from diabetes. £9 billion is the total annual healthcare cost for cardiovascular disease.
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Different diseases can act together. What are four ways this can happen?
Diseases that suppress the immune system (eg HIV) make you more susceptible to other diseases. Viruses in cells can stimulate cancer. Physical diseases can affect your mental health. Allergies can also be triggered.
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Whats sampling (with diseases)?
Where the government or health organisations will take a certain amount of people and test them for diseases to see how many people approximately have that disease
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20 people in a sample of 100 people have a particular disease. How many people can we predict to have that disease in the entire population of 5000 people?
1000
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Why does the government and health organisations track cases of diseases?
So they can inform their policy decision
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What are risk factors for disease?
Lifestyle and substances (eg smoking)
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What are risk factors for cancer, liver and brain damage, lung disease, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes?
type 2 diabetes - obesity. cancer - exposure to radiation. cardiovascular disease - poor diet, smoking, lack of exercise. lung disease - smoking. Liver and brain damage - excessive drinking
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What are the risk factors for your baby to either have brain problems or be premature?
Brain damage - excessive drinking. Premature - smoking.
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Why is it important for scientists to scrutinise the links between risk factors and the probability of getting certain diseases?
To ensure that it is actually the risk factor that is causing the disease and not something else altogether. Finding causal mechanisms is the way to prove a link.
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Which organs can be damaged by excessive alcohol drinking?
Liver and brain
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How do you collect data for risk factors?
Samples
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What are the most common types of graphs used for plotting risk factors?
Scatter diagram and bar chart
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What happens when you have coronary heart disease?
The coronary arteries become more narrow because of a build-up of fatty deposits. This reduces blood flow and leads to a lack of oxygen being supplied to the heart muscle.
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What is heart valve disease?
2 types of heart valve disease: You can have leaky valves, allowing the backflow of blood, which forces your heart to do therefore means m more work. You can also have valves that don't fully open, so more force is needed to push the blood through.
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How can you fix faulty valves?
Faulty valves can be replaced by inserting either animal or artificial valves. Although this is less drastic than a heart transplant, this still involves major surgery and problems with blood clots can happen.
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What are the type of valves that can be used to replace faulty valves?
Artificial valves and animal valves
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What happens when you have heart failure?
You need a new heart, which is always given by a donor, although while you're waiting for this heart, an artificial heart may be put in.
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What are the pros and cons of an artificial heart?
pros: artificial hearts allow the actual heart to rest and they are unlikely to be rejected so immunosuppressant aren't necessary. cons: They result in long and expensive hospital stays and they can possibly cause blood clots, which leads to strokes
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In coronary arteries, do the arteries become narrowed or enlarged?
Narrowed
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What are the two common treatments for coronary heart disease?
Stents. A brace (sort of) put in your arteries that is inflated by a balloon to open them up again. Statins. They are pills that decrease blood cholestrol, getting rid of the fatty deposits closing up the coronary arteries.
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What are some drawbacks of stents and statins?
Statins have side effects and stents can cause blood clots, and the arteries will eventually close up again
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What are some treatments of heart disease?
Drugs (cheap and don't require surgery). Mechanical devices (used in case a donor organ isn't available). Transplants (If done successfully the organ won't wear down)
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What are some drawbacks of the treatments for heart disease?
Drugs have side effects, and they need to be remembered to be taken. Mechanical devices may wear out over time and need to be replaced and they need a power supply. Transplants require a donor and immunosuppressants and is a risk factor.
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What are immunosuppressant drugs used for?
They are used to stop the patients immune system from rejecting a new donor organ
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What is cancer?
Cancer is a group of diseases, where changes in cells lead to uncontrolled growth and division of cells
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What are the two types of cancer?
Malignant tumors (dangerous, it can invade neighboring tissues and can spread throughout the body). Benign tumors (they stay in the same place, usually within a membrane, they're not dangerous)
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What are cancers risk factors?
Smoking, Obesity, UV exposure (e.g. through lots of sunbathing) and its also genetic
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Which type of cancer is known to be caused by genes?
Breast cancer
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What can malignant tumors lead to?
Secondary tumors
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Non-communicable diseases can represent a massive financial burden. Can you give three bits of evidence to support this statement?

Back

Around 10% of Britain’s annual health budget is required to treat those suffering from diabetes. £9 billion is the total annual healthcare cost for cardiovascular disease.

Card 3

Front

Different diseases can act together. What are four ways this can happen?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Whats sampling (with diseases)?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

20 people in a sample of 100 people have a particular disease. How many people can we predict to have that disease in the entire population of 5000 people?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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