Nicholas II

How long did Alexander III reign for?

1881-1894

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When did Alexander II die?

1881

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Who made laws?

Ukase (Imperial Decree)

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When was the Emancipation of the Serfs?

1861

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What was the Emancipation of the serfs?

Serfs were now free but still had to pay redemption payments (Taxes for 49) , had to live in communes, called Mirs, which governed the land they lived.

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What were Zemstvas and when were they introduced?

1864, Local and rural governments, control over education and road building.

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When was Trial by Jury Introduced?

1870.

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What repression followed the Assassination of Alexander II?

Crackdown on Opponents, Russification, Education, Land Captains, Zemstvas Changed.

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What happened in regards to the Crack down of Opponents?

Statute of State Security 1881., Gov controlled courts, those with liberal sympathies in legal professions removed from Office, Ohranas powers extended, censorship tightened.

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What happened in regards to Russification?

Russian language, culture and religion imposed on the non-Russian minorities of the empire, pogroms against Jews and anti-Semitic laws were passed.

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What happened in regards to Education and Universities?

Rich and elite for uni only, feed increased, temporarily shut due to student demos. Zemstva primary schools now under control of church, change policies to ensure working children couldn't attend secondary. Women barred from unis. Gov control

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What were Land Captains?

Enforce local laws and take power away from the Zemstvas and elected JP's. Can overrule peasant decision-making in their mir. Appointed by Minister of the Interior, no democratic process, problems= whole area put under military rule.

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How were Zemstvas changed?

Doctors and teachers no longer elected, only wealthiest could run them, e.g Tsars natural supporters. Limited the reforms, wouldn't challenge Tsars power, scrapped trial by Jury after 1890, only gov could choose Juries, prevents "wrong" juries.

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What was the Okhranas role?

Infiltrate and destroy revolutionary and terrorist networks, often from the inside, 1900=2000 agents. 1/3 in Petersburg.

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What was Industry like before Wittes reforms?

No industrial revolution, 1881, some factories, mainly textiles, St.P, Comms system was underdeveloped, no proper banking system and an absense of middle class with capital to invest in new developments.

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What were Witte's reforms?

Attracted foreign investement, new currency, gold standard 1887. Protect R industry, kept cheap foreign imports out of russia using tariffs. Tax peasantry. Railway systems. Investing into mines and factories. State capitalism, money directed where ne

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What were the consequences of Witte's reforms?

1914-70,000km of railway, 1914-25,000 factories, some extremely large, oil x 18, pig iron x 7, coal x8. Peasants migrate to big cities. Population doubled. TSRW make imports easier and cheaper. RELIANCE ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT.

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Why was the firing of Witte slow the reforms down?

The changes depended largely on Finance Ministers, Nicholas II didn't trust them, so once Witte was forced to resign in 1906 there was less direction from above, so things didn't develop as fast as they might have done.

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What was life like for workers?

Low wages, long hours, accidents common and uncompensated, housing conditions overcrowded, insanitary and lacking amenties. 16 People to an apartment or 6 to a room, curtains divided rooms per family. Factories pour refuse into rivers along with huma

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What laws were introduced to prevent "the worse abuses" in work?

Child labour was regulated, 1882, schooling for factory children provided, womens night work reduced, although it was widely ignored and there were not enough inspectors to enforce them.

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What was agriculture like?

Farming methods were backwards, ***** farming, unaware of new crops, Productivity 1/4 of UK. Peasants paying more for basics, cannot leave their land due to debts, Land was shrinking, infertile land, violent attacks on landowners property.

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What did Liberals believe?

Highly critical of Tsarism. Gov responsible for famine and industrial stagnation. Wanted a State Duma (Parliament). Union of Liberation, 1904 Struve and Milyukov.. Right to vote for all men. Constitutional Monarchy.

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What did Radicals believe?

Carried out political assasinations. Peoples will tried to kill Alexander III 1887. Narodnik socialist movement tried to persuade Peasants against Tsar and take power for themselves.

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What did Social Revolutionaries believe?

Adopt a combination of Marxist and Populist beliefs. Overthrow government, 2,000 political assassinations, although greatly uncoordinated. .

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What did the Social Democrats believe?

Marxism. Focus on agitation amongst workers in cities. Split in 1903 after ideological disagreement.

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Who were the Mensheviks?

Led by Martov, wanted Revolution by workers to occur naturally.

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Who were the Bolsheviks?

Led by Lenin, believed revolution should come as soon as possible.

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How did repression effect opposition groups?

Cuts revolutionary leaders off from groups as they are forced to live abroad, Corps of Gendarmes (normal police and army) Break up strikes adn demos, Okhrana infiltrate, Opposition was illegal, laws restrict freedom of speech and assembly.

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How did social factors effect opposition groups?

Working class was only 2% of the population, Peasantry (80%) scattered, poor communications and transports, Political agitation limted due to poor literacy levels, Leaders of opposition groups were intellectuals, problems with relating with followers

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Nicholas II

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