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6. What is an adenoma?

  • A benign neoplasm of cartilage
  • A malignant neoplasm of cartilage
  • A benign neoplasm of glandular epithelium
  • A malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelium

7. What is a malignant neoplasm of striated muscle called?

  • Rhabdomyosarcoma
  • Osteosarcoma
  • Liposarcoma
  • Leiomyosarcoma
  • Chondrosarcoma

8. Which of these does NOT form a genetic basis for carcinogenesis?

  • Loss or inactivation of recessive, growth inhibiting genes (tumour suppressor genes)
  • A genetic defect in the genes which are responsible for DNA repair
  • A genetic defect machinery which produces proteins in the cell
  • A genetic defect in the genes the regulate apoptosis (dominant or recessive)
  • Enhances expression of dominant growth promoting genes (oncogenes)

9. Which of these is the first step in proliferation of normal cells?

  • A growth factor binds to and activated a cell surface growth factor receptor
  • The cell divides in a controlled way
  • A signal is transduced across the membrane
  • A transduced signal is transmitted to the nucleus
  • Nuclear regulatory factors that initiate DNA transcription are activated
  • The cell enters and progresses in the cell cycle

10. Which of these disorders of cell growth are potential precursors for neoplasms?

  • Hyperplasia, hypertrophy and metaplasia
  • Dysplasia, atrophy and hypertrophy
  • Metaplasia, atrophy and dysplasia
  • Hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia
  • Hyperplasia, atrophy and hypertrophy

11. What does 'N' mean in the determination of the stage of a tumour?

  • The depth of invasion.
  • The degree of metastases.
  • The number of lymph nodes involved.
  • The nuclear size and pleomorphism.

12. Which of these disorders of cell growth is always pathological?

  • Metaplasia
  • Hyperplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Hypertrophy
  • Atrophy

13. Which of these is not a pathway of spread for metastases?

  • Transcoelomic
  • Lymphatics
  • Nerves
  • Haematogenous (blood)

14. Which of these terms describes an increase in the number of cells in a tissue?

  • Hyperplasia
  • Hypertrophy
  • Atrophy
  • Metaplasia
  • Dysplasia

15. Which of these is a factor in the growth of transformed, tumour cells?

  • Loss of contact inhibition and colony formation
  • Increased serum growth factor requirment
  • Increased cohesion and being anchorage dependent
  • Early maturation