microscopy

?
which scientist named cells and in what year?
robert hooke in 1665
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what did he examine?
thin sections of cork
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why did he name the compartments in the cork 'cells'?
they reminded him of monks' cells in a monastery
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by what decade did they understand cells were basic units of life?
1840s
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who first expressed this idea?
matthias schleiden and theodor schwann in 1839
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what is magnification?
measure of how much bigger the image you see is than the real object
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what is resolution (resolving power)?
measure of how close together two objects can be before they are seen as one
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what is a light/optical microscope?
a microscope that relies on light; light passes through the specimen and on through the lenses to give an image that is magnified and upside down
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how much is the magnification?
can magnify up to 1500 times; at this magnification a person would look 2.5km tall
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what type of organisms can you look at using a light microscope?
living and dead, but most will be dead, stained, and thin
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why is staining important?
to make it easier to identify particular parts/types of cell
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what are the four types of stain?
haematoxylin, methylene blue, acetocarmine, iodine
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what does haematoxylin do?
stains nuclei of plant and animal cells purple, blue, or brown
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what does methylene blue do?
stains nuclei of animal cells blue
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what does acetocarmine do?
stains chromosomes in dividing nuclei in both plant and animal cells
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what does iodine do?
stains starch-containing material in plant cells blue/black
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what are the advantages of light microscopes? (3)
can see living tissue, light, cheap
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what are the disadvantages of light microscopes? (2)
limited resolution and magnification, preservation & staining can produce artefacts in tissues (not true representation)
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what is the electron microscope?
uses beam of electrons to form an image
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what is the correlation between resolving power and wavelength?
as resolving power increases, wavelength gets smaller
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how much is the magnification?
can magnify up to 500 000 times life size; a person would look over 850km tall
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in what state must the organism be in to observe in an electron microscope?
dead; must be in a vacuum
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how might the specimens be prepared before viewing? (7)
chemical preservation, freeze drying, freeze fracturing, removing the water (dehydrating), embedding, sectioning, mounting on metal grid
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what is used to chemically stain the specimens?
heavy metal ions; e.g. lead and uranium
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what would the image be displayed on?
monitor or computer screen
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what are the two types of electron micrographs?
transmission electron micrographs (TEMs) and scanning electron micrographs (SEMs)
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what are TEMs?
2D images, higher magnification
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what are SEMs?
3D images, lower magnification
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what are some disadvantages of electron microscopes? (5)
only dead cells, artefacts, expensive, large, have to be kept at constant temp. and pressure
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Card 2

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what did he examine?

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thin sections of cork

Card 3

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why did he name the compartments in the cork 'cells'?

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Card 4

Front

by what decade did they understand cells were basic units of life?

Back

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Card 5

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who first expressed this idea?

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