A signifier and signified creates a sign on a primary or basic level.There are many things that affect the signified including society, ethnicity, dominant ideologies, culture and religion etc.
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Barthes
Myths- frequently told stories become dominant ideologies and texts are linked to cultural society. Secondary Signification- the cultural meaning or dominant values conveyed by the text.
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Peirce
Types of signs: indexical, iconic, symbolic and arbitrary
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Boorstin
Celebrities are pseudo-events so they appear to be meaningful but are empty of meaning
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Marshall
The symbiotic relationship between media and celebrity has been ruptured through the development of new media
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Tudor
Audience/ star relationships are closer than before. The Image and Influence model says there are different levels of interest in celebrities:from emotional affinity (low) to projection (high)
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Lippman
Stereotypes are used as shortcuts, an expression of values, an ordering process and for reference
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Perkins
There is an element of truth in all stereotypes
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Medhurst
Useful for quick delivery of meaning
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Ritzer
We are facing the MacDonaldization of society which is the process of fast food restaurants coming to dominate virtually every aspect of society
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Said (Globalisation)
Europe has constructed its identity by “relegating and confining the non-European to a secondary racial, cultural, ontological status” Non-European cultures are inferior to ours.
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Baudrillard
Postmodern society has created hyperreality which is a simulation of reality rather than reality itself
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Said (Post-colonialism)
Orientalism and Otherness. The Orient is the representations created by the West for the West. The Other is something that is considered inferior and alien to the West
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Hall
Cultural identities have histories adn undergo constant transformation (diaspora identity)
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Abyan
Grime music lies at the intersection of race and class and is the sound of working class Black immigrant communities
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Mulvey
"Male Gaze" Hollywood movies are dominated by men and women are passive to the audience gaining pleasure through voyeurism
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Gammon and Marshment
"Female Gaze" Females look at man as sexual objects in the media, the same as women are
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Wolf
Women are oppressed by the pressure to fit into the beauty myth
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Butler
Gender trouble, people have feminine and masculine aspects
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McRobbie
There are positive aspects to women’s representations as they are shown to be empowered and in control of their own lives
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Levy
Women are attacked by the increasingly sexualised culture which objectifies them. Women are encouraged to see themselves as objects and to see sex as their only source of power
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Lacan
We are fragmented selves
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Gauntlett
Identity in the media is becoming more fluid. Gender is a result of conditioning; it is shaped and influenced by societies expectations and influence by the media
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Jenkins
Fandom’s participatory culture is shaped through input from other fans and the desire for further interaction with a cultural community
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McLuhan
We have become a global village because of globalisation which allows us to communicate without limits of location or time
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Cohen
Cultural Concern: a society or culture becomes preoccupied or worried about an issue or concern
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Shirky
Media consumers have now become producers who ‘speak back’ to the media in various ways, as well as creating and sharing content with one another
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Myths- frequently told stories become dominant ideologies and texts are linked to cultural society. Secondary Signification- the cultural meaning or dominant values conveyed by the text.
Back
Barthes
Card 3
Front
Types of signs: indexical, iconic, symbolic and arbitrary
Back
Card 4
Front
Celebrities are pseudo-events so they appear to be meaningful but are empty of meaning
Back
Card 5
Front
The symbiotic relationship between media and celebrity has been ruptured through the development of new media
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