How much progress has been made in medical knowledge over time? 19th century
Koch/Pasteur-that germs cause disease, Ehlrich-magic/silver bullets, Lister-sterile, Jenner-vaccine, Simpson-anaesthetic, John Snow-scientific method proving cholera
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How much progress has been made in medical knowledge over time? 20th century
technology, lots more knowledge, Marie Curie-radiation/x-rays, antibiotics, Fleming-penicillin
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Pre-medical triumph:
Pharaohs in Egypt had physicians, Bald’s leechbook-of medieval remedies and medicine, common sense (effective), Romans had clean water-public health (effective)
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Hippocrates, Galen and the four humours:
4 humours-body temp (not effective), treatment by opposites (not effective)
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The influence of alchemy and astrology:
1st to produce hydrochloric acid and nitric acid (effective), Alchemist tried to turn normal objects into gold (not effective), Always the most educated people (effective), Influences of stars didn’t do operations before establishing the position of
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The role of the Church:
The Church was central to people’s lives, People were encouraged to pray for deliverance for illness, and for acceptance into the afterlife, The Church set up university schools of medicine throughout Europe building on the works of Hippocrates and G
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Physician
– a medical professional, someone who practices medicine
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Surgeon
– someone who conducts operations on the human body
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Renaissance
– period of time where there were great advances in learning. Means rebirth or renewal
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Anatomy
– the study of the human body and its parts
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Ligatures
– a cord used to tie something very tightly in order to stop bleeding
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Galen in the early days…
1476 – the printing press was invented, meaning ideas could be spread easily.
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Galen in the early days…
1525 – he published his ideas in Greek and Latin.
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Galen: Then in the Renaissance
– people began to question his ideas
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Versailles and anatomy…
1514-64 – Vesalius was born in Brussels but studied medicine in Paris and Padua in Italy. He was appointed professor of surgery and anatomy in Padua. Perhaps most importantly he carried out his own dissections and firmly believed anatomy was the key
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Versailles and anatomy…
1543 – he published De humani Corporis fabrica libri septum, which completely changed attitudes to medicine. Vesalius challenged Galen’s works. His book was focused on anatomy.
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Pare and treating wounds…
1510-90 – Pare began his medical work as an apprentice to his elder brother, a barber-surgeon. He is perhaps the most famous example from the sixteenth century of someone who adopted the new scientific ways of treating disease. He trained at the Hote
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Pare and treating wounds…
In 1536 – he ran out of hot oil for cauterising wounds. He made up a mixture of egg yolk, turpentine and oil of roses to dress raw wounds-much less painful-discovered next morning-much more effective at encouraging healing.
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Pare and treating wounds…
In 1575 – he published his experiences in a book, Les oeuvres in 1575, and become famous across Europe. He is considered one of the fathers of modern surgery.
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William Harvey and the circulation of blood…
In 1628 – he published his most famous work on the motion of the heart. Challenged Galen and changed medicine.
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William Harvey:
My contemporaries thought that he could not see capillaries and therefore could not prove their existence forever veins/blood is pumped around the body, and blood in a patient’s arm.
How much progress has been made in medical knowledge over time? Early modern period
Card 3
Front
Koch/Pasteur-that germs cause disease, Ehlrich-magic/silver bullets, Lister-sterile, Jenner-vaccine, Simpson-anaesthetic, John Snow-scientific method proving cholera
Back
Card 4
Front
technology, lots more knowledge, Marie Curie-radiation/x-rays, antibiotics, Fleming-penicillin
Back
Card 5
Front
Pharaohs in Egypt had physicians, Bald’s leechbook-of medieval remedies and medicine, common sense (effective), Romans had clean water-public health (effective)
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