Linguistic terminology

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  • Created by: Javaria-m
  • Created on: 04-08-20 17:51
Pronoun
A pronoun is any word which stands in place for a noun. eg, "he is great" where "he" is John - noun
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Possessive pronoun
A pronoun such as “his/ her/ our/ their” which denotes possession as in “It is our car.”
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Reflexive pronoun
A pronoun which refers back to itself. e.g. myself, yourself, etc
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Interrogative pronoun
Pronouns use to ask questions , e.g. “who/ whose/ which”
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Indefinite pronoun
A pronoun which refers to things in a general or open way . e.g. “someone/ anybody/ everything/ nothing”
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Demonstrative pronoun
Pronouns which are used to point at things. e.g. “this/ that/ these/ those”
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Proper noun
Nouns which are typically used without determiners and give names to people, places or things. They always have a capital letter – “London”
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Concrete noun
Things of substance – e.g. “table”, “horse”
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Abstract noun
It's an idea. Things without substance – e.g. “beauty”, “hope”
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Emotive noun
A noun which will have an emotional impact upon the reader.
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Jargon
Any term which is specific to a field and not generally understood.
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Semantic field
A term to describe an area of language to do with a certain field. So there is a semantic field of war or food or music, which contains words to do with any of those fields – e.g. the words “march”, “cannon” and “advance” are all semantic field.
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Denonation
The dictionary meaning of a word.
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Modal verb
Very important word to pick out. It generally forms part of the verb phrase in a sentence. e.g, “He should have killed the sheep.” Where “should” is the modal verb. It tells us an awful lot about what the author thinks about what he’s writing about.
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Connotation
The associations of a word.
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Collocation
Refers to how words occur together regularly and in a restricted way. e.g, blonde hair, lean meat, etc.
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Comparative adjective
Smaller, bigger, more beautiful
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superlative adjective
Smallest, biggest, most beautiful.
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Attributive adjective
When an adjective is used to premodify the noun - as in “the big car…”
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predicative adjective
When an adjective is the complement of the sentence. eg, “the car is big”. Predicative adjectives are notable because the author has used a whole sentence to describe this attribute, and stresses its importance.
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Descriptive adjective
Describes the objective appearance of a noun.
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Evaluative adjective
An adjective which is a judgement on its noun, and so is subjective – e.g. “good”, “bad”, “horrible”
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Emotive adjective
An adjective which will have an emotional impact upon the reader.
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Definite article
“the” – a specific thing
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Infinite article
"a"- any old thing.
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Synonym
A word with the same meaning.
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Antonym
A word with the opposite meaning.
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Hyponym
The more specific term – e.g. red admiral.
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Hypernym
The more general term – e.g. insect.
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Deictic Term
A word which points outside of the text. eg, "that/ those etc"
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Cataphoric reference
A word, or phrase, usually a pronoun such as “it/ he/ that” which refers forward in the text to a noun which has yet to be included.
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Anaphoric reference
A word, or phrase, usually a pronoun such as “it/ he/ that” which refers backwards in the text to a noun which has already been used.
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Finite verb
A full verb, where the reader knows who’s doing the action, how many people are doing it and when it’s being done – e.g. “The man was running across the park.”
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Infinite verb
Not a full verb, where the reader does not know who’s doing the action, how many people are doing it and when it’s being done – e.g. “running across the park.”
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Infinitive
The “to run” form of the verb
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Past participle
The –ed form of the verb – e.g. “ran”, “played”, “went”
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Present participle
The –ing form of the verb – e.g. “running”, playing”, “going”
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Transitive verb
The more usual type of verb, one which has can take an object – e.g. “John killed the sheep.” – “killed” is a transitive verb and “sheep” is its object”
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Intransitive verb
The less usual type of verb, one which does not take an object – e.g. “John sang.” – “sang” is a intransitive verb and there is no object – similarly with verbs such as “sleep”, “complain” and “die”
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Present tense
Happening now
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Past tense
Happened in the past
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Lexical verb
The main meaning part of the verb phrase – which would be “killed” in the verb phrase “should have killed”
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Auxiliary verb
The helping verb – the little one which helps form the precise tense – such as “have” “was” or “did”
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Perfective aspect
The aspect formed using the auxilliary verb “have” in its present form, or “had” in its past form – e.g. “I have eaten my dinner.” – what’s the difference between this present perfective aspect and the past perfective aspect “I had eaten my dinner.”?
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Progressive aspect
The aspect formed using the auxilliary verb “is” and the “-ing” suffix in its present tense form and the auxilliary verb “was” and the “-ing” suffix in its past tense form – “I am going” = present progressive aspect, “I was going” past progressive.
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Dynamic verb
A verb which is to do with something actual happening. eg, "killing, jumps"
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Stative verb
A verb which is to do with the state of things, where nothing is actually happening, eg, " seems/ has been/ will be"
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Active voice
Where the person or the thing doing the action of the verb describes starts the sentence. "john killed the cat" where "john" is the active voice.
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Passive voice
Where the person or the thing doing the action of the verb describes doesn't start the sentence. eg, "the cat was killed by John" where the cat is passive subject and John is the object. Here the sentence is passive voice.
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Copular verb
The verb is which connects the sentence's subject to the predicative adjective or it's complement. eg, "marry is sweet"
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Adverb
A word which modifies another; but, whereas and adjective modifies a noun, as in “the big car”, an adverb modifies anything else – therefore making it a much more useful tool for the writer.
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Modifying an adjective
"That is a very big car"
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Modifying a verb
“I run quickly to the park.” so adverbs can be positioned in different parts of the sentence depending on what the author wants the reader to focus on most.
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Modifying another adverb
"He ran very quickly to the car"
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Modifying a clause
"Obviously, he's a big man"
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Adverb of time
Adverbs come in different types, for example an adverb which relates to time – e.g. “yesterday” as in “I went there yesterday.” – it answers the question “when?” or “for how long?”
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Adverb of space
An adverb which relates to place or position or distance – e.g. “Sign here please.” – it answers the question “where?”
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Adverb of manner
These adverbs are by far the most common and answer the question “how?” of the sentence’s verb – e.g. “He went to prison quietly.”
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Adverb of modality
These are some of the most useful adverbs to spot in a text as they tell us what the attitude of the writer is to what he is writing – e.g. “Hopefully, the sun will be nice and hot.” Or “She probabaly thinks I don’t like her.”
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Adverb of degree
Refers to how much or to what degree something happens – “I was greatly disappointed in the score of the game.”
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Preposition of place
A preposition is a little word which expresses a relation between two or more things… either their position, their direction, their time, or any other relation such as cause and effect.
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Preposition of direction
A preposition which relates to direction – e.g. “below”
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Preposition of time
a preposition which relates to time– e.g. “since”
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Euphemism
A more socially acceptable/'polite' way of saying something that may be considered taboo
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A pronoun such as “his/ her/ our/ their” which denotes possession as in “It is our car.”

Back

Possessive pronoun

Card 3

Front

A pronoun which refers back to itself. e.g. myself, yourself, etc

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Pronouns use to ask questions , e.g. “who/ whose/ which”

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

A pronoun which refers to things in a general or open way . e.g. “someone/ anybody/ everything/ nothing”

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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