Child language terms

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What are the first letters children learn & why?
S A T P I N (many 3 letter words can be formed from these letters- if a child uses a lot of them, they are at an early stage of development)
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High frequency terms
Words used frequently around child, so they become familiar with it early on (yes, no, because, and)
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Low frequency terms
Words used less frequently around child, so they become familiar with it later on
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1st tier words
Basic, high frequency words used early on
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2nd tier words
Words that follow as language develops, often seen in texts (suddenly, adapt, consider)
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3rd tier words
Specialist words that are specific to a field/subject (instrument, laboratory)
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Negation
Reliance on 'no' and 'not'
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What are function words?
Primary auxiliariy verbs such as; 'is' 'be' 'do'. Used in sentences such as "what is that" (rather than "what that")
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Under-extension
Semantic error where the child only applies a generic word to a single thing/person E.g. only calling their pet 'cat'
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Over-extension
Semantic error where a child over uses a limited word. E.g. calling all men 'dad'
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What are the reasons for over-extension?
1) Phonological avoidance 2) vocabulary gaps 3) words as comments rather than labels
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What's phonological avoidance?
Knows the correct word but doesn't know how to pronounce it
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What's vocabulary gaps?
Child doesn't know the correct word or can't remember it so uses a proto word hoping adult will understand
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What is word as comments rather than labels?
Child says 'cookie' while pointing to cupboard (labelling the cupboard with cookie). This is holophrastic.
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What's a hyponym
Used to categorise words/common nouns (e.g. genders- boys and girls)
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Syntagmatic response
Literal meaning; associated with word stimulus
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Paradigmatic response
An antonym, synonym or hyponym; associated with word stimulus
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When does the shift from syntagmatic response to paradigmatic responses ocur?
Around 5 years of age
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Proto-word
Certain sounds (e.g. gaga for grandma) or made-up words that take on the meaning of standardised words
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Monosyllabic
Word with a single syllable 'dog, happy, cup'
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Polysyllabic
Word with multiple syllables 'because, damage, remember'
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What did O'Grady suggest?
There were 4 word categories used by 18 month old children; entities, actions, properties, personal
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What words fall under entities?
Concrete nouns (abstracts form around 5-7)
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What words fall under actions?
Verbs (even imperatives)
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What words fall under properties?
Adjectives and basic prepositions
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What words fall under personal?
'Hello, bye, thank you, please' words used for social interaction and communication
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What did Nelson say?
Approximately 60% of a child's first words are nouns
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What did Aitchinson suggest?
That there were 3 stages for vocabulary acquisition
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What are the 3 stages?
1. Labelling (attaches label to word) 2. packaging (understands meaning of word; may over/under extend) 3. Network Building (understands synonyms, hypernyms, hyponyms, antonyms etc)
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What are Halliday's 7 functions?
Representational, instrumental, regulatory, interactional, heuristic, imaginitive, personal
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What did Bellugi suggest?
There are 3 stages to pronoun acquisition
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What are the 3 stages?
1. Using their own name (Tom play) 2. Using 'I' and 'Me' and understanding that they can be used in different positions of sentence ('I play toy') 3. Using pronouns in correct object/subject position ('give it to me')
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What is inflectional affixation?
Adding a suffis to change the tense of a word/change it from singular to plural
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What is derivational affixation?
Adding a suffix to change the word class/semantic meaning- soft (adjective) to softly (adverb)
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What is overgeneralisation?
When a child uses inflectional affixation when it isn't needed; e.g. sheeps
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What did Bloom discuss?
The ambiguity of two-word utterances because of the absence of inflectional affixes
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What did Brown propose?
That between 1 and a half to 3 years old, children acquire inflectional affixes in a particular order
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In what order?
ing, plural s, possessive 's, the + a, ed, third person verb -s, auxiliary b
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What did Cruttenden come up with?
3 stages for inflectional affixation
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What are the 3 stages?
1) Memorising words on an individual basis 'sheep'. 2) Understanding of general principles, but may overgeneralise 'sheeps' 'thinked'. 3) Uses inflectional affixation correctly, even irregular ones
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What did Berko find?
In the WUG test, children had never come across this word but when asked to talk about multiple WUGs in a sentence found that they affixed a plural s
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Vowel harmony
Making all vowels the same 'mama'
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Consonant harmony
Making all consonants the same/similar 'bubbed' (cupboard)
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Reduplication
Of the same syllable 'dada'
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Subsititution
Substituting a hard sound (usually fricative/affricate) for an easier one (plosive/glide)
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Final consant deletion
Delete the last consonant (cat- ca')
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Unstressed syllable deletion
Delete a syllable (banana- nana)
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Cluster reduction
If 2 consonants are next to each other, delete 1 (sleep- seep)
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Diminuitive form
Adding a vowel to avoid final consonant, usually 'y'
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What are voiced + unvoiced consonants?
Voiced; consonants produced when voice chords vibrate & unvoiced; consonants produced when voice chords don't vibrate
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Which forms first in children, why?
Unvoiced, because they don't have to master the physical skills needed to contract muscles in the vocal chords
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Plosives
P/B/G/T/D (labial sounds)
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What did Berko + Brown find?
That a childs knowledge sometimes surpasses their physial abilities (e.g. child and 'fis')
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What did Piaget suggest?
That cognitive development is the main influence for language acquisition
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

High frequency terms

Back

Words used frequently around child, so they become familiar with it early on (yes, no, because, and)

Card 3

Front

Low frequency terms

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

1st tier words

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

2nd tier words

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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