Women's language lacked real authority. Features: empty adjectives, hyper-correct grammar, super-polite forms, hedges, in-direct requests.
1 of 6
Janet Holmes
Tag questions were a sign of uncertainty, but they're multi-functional. They aid a conversation and are polite.
2 of 6
O'barr and Atkins
150 hours of courtroom language. Agreed with Lakoff, but found men in lower class also used features of women's language - 'powerless language'
3 of 6
Fisherman
52 hours of conversation between American couples. Women used 3X as many yes/no tag q than men. But, this was to keep the conversation going - 'conversational shitwork'.
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Dubois and Crouch
Men use more tag questions than women.
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Zimmerman and West
Men interrupted women more in mixed-sex conversations - 96% all interruptions were made by men. Men are controlling and dominating.
6 of 6
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Card 2
Front
Janet Holmes
Back
Tag questions were a sign of uncertainty, but they're multi-functional. They aid a conversation and are polite.
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