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6. Barnes

  • disabled people are presented as sinister, pitiable, pathetic, comedic, sexually abnormal and in need of a miracle cure
  • programmes about homosexuals were constructed by heterosexuals for heterosexuals
  • created the two-step flow model

7. Willams

  • media is the new 'opium of the people'
  • fewer large companies increasingly own what we hear, see and read
  • the mass media has been liberated from the media barons

8. McQueen

  • children are presented as innocent, teens are presented as rebellious whilst the elderly are presented as a burden
  • there is overt and inferential racism in the media
  • programmes about homosexuals were constructed by heterosexuals for heterosexuals

9. Cohen

  • moral panics, especially the Mods and Rockers
  • 7/9 Asian countries studied broadcast more locally produced TV than imported TV
  • there has been a significant increase in the proportion of main female characters

10. Greenslade

  • the mass media has been liberated from the media barons
  • fewer large companies increasingly own what we hear, see and read
  • media is the new 'opium of the people'

11. Gramsci

  • the economic base does have some opinions but these are quashed by the bourgeousie
  • TV programmes, such as soaps, divert attention away from the unfair nature of society
  • globalisation is a more fashionable term for cultural imperialism

12. Miliband

  • TV programmes, such as soaps, divert attention away from the unfair nature of society
  • media is the new 'opium of the people'
  • the mass media has been liberated from the media barons

13. Sparks

  • globalisation is a more fashionable term for cultural imperialism
  • TV programmes, such as soaps, divert attention away from the unfair nature of society
  • 7/9 Asian countries studied broadcast more locally produced TV than imported TV

14. Van Dijk

  • the inner-city riots in the 1980s were made to have a racial element to divert attention from the economic issues
  • women and men have similar skills and abilities in films
  • the working class are under represented and the upper class are over represented

15. Marcuse

  • TV programmes, such as soaps, divert attention away from the unfair nature of society
  • media is the new 'opium of the people'
  • the economic base does have some opinions but these are quashed by the bourgeousie

16. Bernstein

  • disabled people are presented as sinister, pitiable, pathetic, comedic, sexually abnormal and in need of a miracle cure
  • programmes about homosexuals were constructed by heterosexuals for heterosexuals
  • children are presented as innocent, teens are presented as rebellious whilst the elderly are presented as a burden

17. Abercrombie

  • women and men have similar skills and abilities in films
  • there has been a significant increase in the proportion of main female characters
  • moral panics, especially the Mods and Rockers