Issues and debates

1. Any underlying characteristic of human beings that can be applied to all despite differences of experience and upbringing (12)
5. 'Male-oriented', when 'normal' behaviour is judged according to a male standard (13)
6. This approach functions from inside a culture and identifies behaviours that are specific to that culture (4)
7. Research that focusses on similarities between men and women and tends to represent a view that minimises the differences (4, 4)

2. A tendency to interpret all phenomena through the 'lens' of one's own culture, ignoring the effects that cultural differences might have on behaviour (8, 4)
3. Judging other cultures by the standards and values of one's own culture. In extreme form, it's the belief of superiority in one's own culture which may lead to prejudice towards other cultures (13)
4. This approach looks at behaviour from outside of a given culture and attempts to describe those behaviours as universal (4)
8. Research that focusses on the differences between men and women and tends to exaggerate these differences (5, 4)
9. Occurs when researchers study a behaviour inside one culture and then assume that it can be applied universally (7, 4)
10. When psychological research may offer a view that does not justifiably represent the experience or behaviour of men or women (6, 4)

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