Industrialisation and the People: Key knowledge 1783-1848

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When did Pitt become PM
1783
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When was the start of the French Revolution
1789
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When did France declare war on Britain
1793
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When was the Act of Union with Ireland
1800
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Why did Pitt resign as PM
He failed to gain the Kings approval to pass Catholic Emancipation
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When was the Combination Acts introduced
1799/1800
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When did Britain outlaw the slave trade
1807
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When were the Luddite riots
1811/12
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When did the Napoleonic Wars end
1815
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When was PM Perceval assassinated
1812
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When was Habeas Corpus suspended
1794
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When was the Treasonable Practices Act introduced
1795
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When was the Seditious Meetings Act introduced
1795
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When was the publication of the Reflection of the Revolution in France by Edmund Burke published
1790
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When was the publication of the Tom Paine's The Right of Man, which was in support of the revolution
1791
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When were the September Massacres
1792
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What implications did the September Massacres have in Britain
Diminished support for revolution and radicalism
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When was the Catholic Relief Act
1793
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When was the first Census
1801, excluding Ireland
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When was the formation of the Orange society
1795
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When was the Irish rebellion led by Wolfe Tone
1798
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What was the causes of the Irish Rebellion led by Wolfe Tone
The French Revolution, which encouraged Irish Catholics to demand reform:
Equal rights no matter the religion
Right to vote etc.
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When was the collapse of the First coalition
1795
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When was the Treaty of Amiens and what did it do
1802, halts the war with France until 1803
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When was Nelson's victory at Trafalgar
1805
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When does the United States declare war on Britain
1812
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How did Napoleon plan to defeat the British
Through economic warfare, blocking imports to Britain to starve them into surrender
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When did Napoleon issue the Berlin Decree and what did it do
1806, Napoleon announced Britain to be in a state of blockade and forbade European trade with Britain.
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When was the Orders in Council and why was it created
1807, in retaliation to France's Berlin Decree. Any none British ships would be subject to a British blockade and imposed restrictions on neutral ships.
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How did the wars with France impact Britains debt
Increased from £228 million to £456 million by 1801
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How did Pitt reform the tariff system in Britain
He simplified it, so that goods would for the most part be subject to one tariff rather than multiple tariffs
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How did Pitt try to handle the national debt
Introducing the Sinking Fund, it successfully reduced debt by about £10 million however that was minuscule compared to the national debt and the sinking fund did not work during times of war
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What problems faced Britain in 1812
Economic collapse, real poverty and social unrest from 20 years at war
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When was Lord Liverpool PM
1812-1827
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When was the Corn Law introduced
1815
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Why was the Corn Law controversial
It was designed to protect the agriculture industry from foreign imports, so it blocked foreign imports when the price of Wheat dropped below 80 shillings, which pushed the price of bread up which was the staple diet of the labouring class
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When was Income tax repealed
1816, it was argued that income tax was not suitable in peacetimes
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When was the Relief Acts and Toleration Acts passed
1819
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When was the first Factory Act Passed
1819
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When was the Six Acts passed
1819
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Why was Liverpools government considered repressive between 1812 and 1821
Liverpool brought in the Six Acts which was very repressive and banned which outlawed seditious meetings and military training, also suspended Habeas Corpus in 1817
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When was the Peterloo Massacre
1819, in response to the passing of Six Acts, there were demonstrations which resulted in 11 deaths
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When was the Combination Acts repealed
1822
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When was the justice system re-codified and what did it do
1824, reduced the amount of crimes that could be given the death penalty for, as jurors were reluctant to return a guilty verdict because they knew the death penalty would be used, and better treatment for female prisoners, female wardens and separation o
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What criticisms did the Liverpool Administration receive
They responded to social unrest with repressive measure rather than finding solutions to the problems. Liverpool was considered mediocre, pragmatic and fair-minded
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When was the repeal of the Test and Corporations Acts
1828
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When was the sliding scale of duties for Corn Law introduced
1828
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When was Catholic Emancipation introduced
1829
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What was the Test Act and Corporation Act
Legislation from the 1660s and 1670s, ensured that anyone in most positions from mayor to any civil and military office under the crown, had to be sworn in by the Anglican Church and take Holy Communion, designed primarily to exclude Catholics
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When was the Metropolitan Police Force created
1829, first of its kind, an attempt to reverse the upward trend of crime rates
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What Tory politicians were for and against Catholic Emancipation
Gladstone was pro and Peel and Wellington were against Catholic Emancipation
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How did the cotton industry change between 1783 and 1812
the mechanisation of the spinning process 1780s because of the spinning jenny 1770s, cotton industry moved from a cottage industry to a factory based industry with larger outputs
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How did the Iron and coal industry develop between 1783 and 1812
coal replaced wood as the fuel used to smelt iron, pig iron doubled between the time period due to higher demand for machinery like the 'mule' which harnessed power from water for the cotton industry
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Who was John Wilkinson
An Ironmaster who was able to build large scale ironworks to meet increasing demands
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Who was James Watt
He is associated with the development of the steam engine, he did not invent the steam engine he created a steam engine with a separate condenser making the engine more efficient
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How did transport evolve between 1783 and 1812
Canals, helped transport large quantities of raw materials and goods from cities
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What trend do you start to see from 1812
Consumerism
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What is Consumerism
The trend of wanting to acquire more goods and services
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What developments were made in the cotton industry during the period 1812 and 1832
Power Looms:
By the 1820s a reliable cast iron power loom was created, the use of power looms grew massively from 2,400 in 1803 to 100,000 by 1832,
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What developments were made in the iron industry during the period 1812 and 1832
Introduction of the hot air blast furnace developed by James Beaumont Neilson by 1828, making it more efficient and they could now use raw coal rather than coke. "effected an entire revolution in the iron industry of Great Britain"
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What industries saw little change between 1812 and 1838
Coal, although the output doubled the method of extracting coal remained the same, mines were still dangerous places to work.
One invention during this period was the safety lamp in 1813
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What developments were made in the Agricultural industry during the period 1812 and 1832
The industry had reorganised itself with enclosures becoming more predominant. The thrashing machine had become more widespread by the 1820s, however there was a lack of uniformity in agricultural change
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What was Lord Liverpools view on free trade
Believed in Laissez faire principles, that the market would work itself out to the most efficient levels, and that wages and prices would be determined by supply and demand not by state intevention
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How did the population in industrial towns and cities change
Population in most of these areas such as Manchester, Birmingham, Glasgow and Edinburgh doubled
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What were the working conditions for people in factories between 1812-1832
Very poor, with poorly ventilated factories 16 hour shifts and 6 day weeks it was detrimental to peoples general health. There was an absence of safety regulation and most of the work in factories was done by women and children as they were easier to mana
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What was education like during 1812-1832
Lacking for the poor, it was considered dangerous for the working class to be educated because they could challenge the social structure that protected the middle and upper classes. Sunday schools existed to remove the worst of ignorance but still keeping
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How did poor relief manage during the period 1812 and 1832
Badly, especially in urban areas
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What were some positive aspects of industrialisation
It created greater wealth, and the country could sustain a larger population. It also facilitated the growth in trade unions
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Why was the Abolition of Slavery Act passed in 1807
The West Indies' sugar production was no longer important to the British economy due to industrialisation.
The attitudes were changing generally and the upper and middle classes were developing a stronger moral outlook
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When was slavery abolished entirely within the British empire
Abolition of Slavery Act of 1833
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When was the Great Reform Act
1832
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When in the 1830s did the Whigs become the majority party
November 1830 under Lord Earl Grey
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What was Grey's attitude towards social unrest
As severe as it was under Pitt and Liverpool, they set up a special commission to deal with rioters, who were handed heavy punishments of death or transportation.
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How many times did the GRA attempt to pass through parliament
5 times.
3 attempts in 1831
2 attempts in 1832 with the final being successful
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What did the Great Reform Act change
Significant redistribution of seats, removing 56 rotten boroughs and creating 22 new boroughs in industrial towns and cities, voting qualifications
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What areas did the Great Reform Act not change
Didn't create a secret ballot, the vast majority of the population still did not have a vote
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What was significant about the Tories opposition between 1830 and 1832
It was the first time you saw 'constructive' opposition
Peel did not reject every bill put to parliament for the sake of it but instead used his influence to push through certain Whig bills
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Why did Peel become PM in 1832
William IV dismissed Melbournes Majority Government, Peel was only in office for 100 days
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What was Peels 100 day administrations biggest achievement
Ecclesiastical Commission which was maintained by the Whigs and ironed out anomalies and abuses within the Anglican Church
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When was the Factory Act passed
1833
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When was the Abolition of Slavery
1833
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When did the government make grants for education
1833
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When was the Poor Law Amendments Act
1834
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When was the Municipal Corporations Act
1835
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What was achieved by the grants made available for education in 1833
£20,000 to help open more school allowing working class children
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What was the purpose of the Factory Act
Restricted what children could do, under 9's could not work in a factory at all and children 9-18 had restricted hours
Children had 2 hours compulsory education every day and there were 4 inspectors appointed to maintain this
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What did the Poor Law Amendment Act achieve
The Speenhamland System was abolished
outdoor relief for the 'able-bodied' was abolished and instead put in and indoor relief based on the 'principle of less eligibility'
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What did the Abolition of Slavery Act of 1833 achieve
Freed slaves in the British Empire
Paid £20,000,000 in reparations to slave owners
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What were the core principles of the Anti-Poor Law league
Separation of families in workhouses and the end to outdoor relief caused public outcry
The principle of treating the 'undeserving' poor like this was considered unjust and immoral
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What Anti-Corn Law league
Nationwide body formed to persuade the government to repeal the Corn Laws of 1815
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When was the Mines Act passed and what did it achieve
1842, made it illegal for boys under 10 and all women and girls to work underground and made provisions for government inspections
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What was significant about the social reforms passed under the Whig government in the early 1830's
It was the first time the government ditched the Laissez faire attitude
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When does Peel come into power in the 1840's
1841
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When was the income tax introduced for the first time during peacetime
1842
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When was the Bank Charter Act
1844
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When was the Joint Stock Companies Act passed
1844
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When was the start of the Irish Famine
1845
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When were the Corn Laws repealed
1846
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What did the Bank Charter Act accomplish
Controls the printing and issuing of money
Money has to backed by the gold reserves
Aimed to stabilise the banking system
Gave the BoE a monopoly over the issuing of currency
Helped business who required larger loans
One of Peels most successful policies
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Why was the Corn Laws repealed
Irish Famine, caused the deaths of over 1 million people, it might've helped ease the famine and also pressure from the Anti Corn Law League
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When was the Agricultural Drainage Act and what did it do
1846, opened loans for drainage systems
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How did agriculture change between 1832 and 1846
The success from enclosures helped bring more investment and allowed agriculture access to new technological advances, such as new fertilisers, steam powered drainage systems, which both allowed for better quality crop larger quantities and more variety
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When was the start of the French Revolution

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1789

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When did France declare war on Britain

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When was the Act of Union with Ireland

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Why did Pitt resign as PM

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