7. What are the key traits of the 'avoiding' Adlerian trait?
Lacks social interest and courage and has an intense striving for personal superiority and power. Will typically exploit others to accomplish their goals.
Lacks the necessary confidence to solve their problems, will try to pretend the problem doesn't exist or try to claim its not their problem.
Relatively passive and will make little effort to solve their problems, instead they'll use their charm to try and get others to do things for them.
8. According to clinical applications of Freudian theory, what is abreaction?
Putting the dark emotions into the subconscious mind.
A type of emotional release that offers symptomatic release.
Taking out the emotions on a source that was not the cause of these emotions.
9. What part of Freuds theory did post-Freudians agree on?
the unconscious and defence mechanisms
defence mechanisms and the structural theory of the mind
the topical theory of the mind
10. What did Eysenck believe about introverts and extroverts?
Extroverts need more stimulation to achieve optimal cortical arousal.
introverts need more stimulation to achieve optimal cortical arousal.
11. What are key traits of the 'ruling' Adlerian personality type?
Lacks confidence to solve their problems and will try to pretend these problems don't exist.
Faces life with confidence and positive social interest.
Lacks social interest, intense striving for personal superiority and power. Tries to exploit others and is emotionally manipulative.
Relatively passive, makes little effort to solve their problems. Use their charm to get others to do things for them.
12. what did Eysenck add to his 2 factor model to get the 3 factor model?
Conscientiousness
Openness
Psychoticism
Sociability
13. What is factor rotation?
Use orthogonal rotation which assumes factors are independent. The solution is more interpretable.
Allows factors to be correlated and the solution is less interpretable
Allows you to hypothesise links between variables and check how well it fits the data.
14. What is trace conditioning?
The conditioned stim occurs and ends before the unconditioned stim. Therefore the unconditioned stim may be associated only with the memory of the conditioned stim.
Conditioned stim occurs shortly before unconditioned stim and both last together.
15. What reason did Adler give for the development of an inferiority complex?
Not getting unconditional positive regard in childhood.
Failing to get over the inferiority that we have as infants.
Giving into the drives in the unconscious mind.
16. What is positive reinforcement?
A behaviour is followed by the removal of a pleasant stim thereby decreasing that behaviours frequency.
A behaviour is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stim thereby increasing the behaviours frequency.
a behaviour is followed by the addition of a pleasant stim thereby increasing the frequency of the behaviour.
A behaviour is followed by the addition of an unpleasant stim thereby decreasing the frequency of the behaviour.
17. What is Cattell's theory of intelligence?
Theory of multiple intelligences, defined intelligence as something that is not sensory and said that there was an overemephasis in western education on linguistic and analytic intelligence and postulated other intelligences; bodily kinaesthetic, intrapersonal, naturalist and existentialist.
Made a distinction between crystallised and fluid intelligence, different disciplines draw on each and each of them peak at different ages.
As well as general knowledge and specific abilities (performance on tests) we also have intermediate abilities.
Took a factorial view and looked at intelligence as one big analysis of variance with 5 concepts, 5 operations and 6 products.
18. What is Gardner's theory of intelligence?
Theory of multiple intelligences and defines intelligence as something that is not sensory. Distinct intelligences; bodily kinaesthetic, intrapersonal, naturist and existentialist.
Triarchic theory - intelligence is made up of analytic, practical and creative.
Took a factorial view and looked at intelligence as one big analysis of variance with 5 operations, 5 contents and 6 products
19. According to Sternberg's triarchic theory what is creative?
Internal mechanisms
Making something new
Application in the real world
20. What have studies shown about the effects of birth order on intelligence?
A children are born into a family each gets more intelligent.
It has some effect - first born children tend to be smarter.
It has some effect - first born children tend to be less intelligent.
