immune system

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  • Created by: aarafa11
  • Created on: 25-03-17 18:26
Types of first line defense
barriers & internal chemicals
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Types of second line defense
phagocytes, chemicals, inflammations
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Define specific defence
attack specific "non self" ANTIGENS. Response is slower and specific to each pathogen
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What are the 2 types of lymphocyte
T - cell mediated B - humoral
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what are lymphocytes
white blood cells
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Why do lymphocyte need to distinguish between own body cell and foreign
Lymphocyte would destroy the organisms own tisue
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What do self and non self have to identify it
it has a specific molecule (tertiary protein) on is surface
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what is need for a successful organ transplant
donar is matches as much as possible and immunosuppresent drug
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What are specific lymphocyte not a response to
infection
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Define non specific
response is immediate and the same for all pathogen
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Types of non specific
physical barrier, phagocytes
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Types of specific
cell mediated response (T) and humoral response (B)
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What happens to the lymphocytes when infection occurs
1 types is present = has complementary protein to those of the pathogen = stimulate to divide
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What is clonal selection
1 types is present = has complementary protein to those of the pathogen = stimulate to divide
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Lymphocyte recognize own cell as fetus
Lymphocytes constantly collide.
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Fetus infection are rare. Why?
it is protected from the outside world by the mother and the placenta
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Lymphocyte recognize own cell
Will have receptors that exactleyt fit those of own body
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Lymphocyte in adult bone marrow
initially encounter self antigen
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The lymphocyte that show immunity response to self antigens
undergo programmed cell death before they can differentiate into mature lymphocyte
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Differences between specific and non-specifi
Specific= distinguish between different pathogens but respond slower. Non = treats all pathogen in the same way but responds rapidly
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Why does it take time for immunity to CONTROL it
The lymphocyte that finally control pathogen need to build up their numbers... takes time
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Why is it inaccurate to say immunity takes time to RESPOND
The body responds immediately by 'recognising' the pathogen
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Types of white blood
Phagocytes and lymphocytes
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define phagocytes
ingest and destroy the pathogen by a process called phagocytosis
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What are lymphocytes involved in
THE IMMUNITY
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Where do the phagocytes trave
within the blood but can move out of vessels into tissue
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What causes the phagocyte to activate
Chemical products produced
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How do phagocyte recognise foreign cell
Has several receptors on cell surface membrane that attach to chemicals on the surface of the pathogen
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What happens when the phagocyte engulfs the pathogen
Forms a phagosome
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What fuses with the phagosome
lysosomes
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1st stage phagocytosis
Phagocyte attaches to the pathogen chemical products and moves along the conc grad.
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2nd stage phagocytosis
Lysosomes within the phagocytes move to the phagosome formed by engulfing the bacterium
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3rd stage phagocytosis
Lysosomes release their lysozymes into the phagosome to hydrolyse the bacterium
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4th stage phagocytosis
Hydrolysed products of bacterium are absorbed byt he phagocyte
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Why are lysozymes found in tears
it is vulnerable to infection because covering is thin, so it will break down the cell walls of any pathogen to destroy it
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What are antigens made of
Proteins that are part if the cell surface membrane / cell wall
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What is B cell
Mature in the bone marrow. Humoral immunity involving antibodies that are present in body fluids
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What are T cells
Mature in thymus gland. cell mediated immunity involving body cells
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Which antigens do T cell respond to
those that are present in body cells (body fluids)
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Another name for cell mediated immunity
cellular response
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1st stage Lymphocyte
Pathogens invade body cells
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2nd stage Lymphocyte
phagocyte places antigen from the pathogen on its cell surface membrane
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3rd stage Lymphocyte
receptors on TH cells fit exactly onto the antigen
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4th stage Lymphocyte
Attachment of TH onto antigen activates the T cells to divide rapidly by mitosis and form a clone of genetically identical cells
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What do cloned T cells do
Into memory cell, stimulate phagocytes (phagocytosis), stimulate B cells to divide & secrete antibodies, activate TC cells
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Cytotoxic (TC cell) kill infected/abnormal body cells
producing protein (perforin) that makes holes int he cell surface membrane = becomes freely permeable = cell dies
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what is TC cell most effective against
viruses = it replicates within cells, thus, sacrificing body cells prevents multiplying
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What is humoral immunity
involves antibodies, which are soluble int he blood and tisssuefluid
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What do B cells produce
Specific antigens that respond to one specific antigen
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What is endocytosos
When the antigens the B cell and gets presented on its surface. TH binds to antigen to stimulate B cells to divide
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1st stage of Humoral immunity
Antigen's protein
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What is Monoclonal antibody
Cloned B cell produces one specific antibody
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What are plasma cells (B) - PRIMARY
Responsible for immediate response defence from infection due to it secreting antibodies into blood plasma
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What are Memory cells (B) - SECONDARY
Does not produce antibodies directly but circulates in the blood and tissue fluid. for the readiness of future known infection
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Define antigens
An organism. substance (protein) that is recognized as foreign, thus, stimulates an immune responseSimilarities
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Similarities between T & B cells
Are white blood cells / have a role in immunity / produced from stem cells
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Differences between T & B cells
T in thymus and cell mediated/ B in bone marrow and humoral
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1st Role of B cells in humoral immunity
Antigens on pathogens are processed by b cells and places on the surface for TH cells
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2nd role of B cells in humoral immunity
B cell activated to divide by mitosis to be a clone plasma, which produces and secretes specific antibodies that fit antigens to destroy pathogen
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FINAL role of B cells in humoral immunity
Some develop into memory cells, which can respond to future infection by diving rapidly and developing into plasma cells
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Why is secondary faster that primary immunity
Primary= is consecutive as there are more steps / Secondary = memory cells are already present so only process is cloning and development into plasma cell
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Summary of cell-mediated
CM = involves T cells, no antibodies, 1st stage immune response, effective through cellls
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Summary of humoral
invoves mostly B, antibodies, 2 stageimmune response after CM
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Three organelles in the plasma cells
RER= make/ transport proteins of the antibodies / Golgi App=process & sort/ Mitoch= release energy to produce antibodies
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number of binding sites in antibodies
2
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What is the antibody's binding site complementary to
specific antigen, which forms a antigen-antibody complex
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How many polypeptide chains are antibodies made of
4
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What is the heavy chain in antibodies
the pair is long
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What is the light chain in antibodies
the pair is short
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What is the variable region in antibodies
where the binding site is different on different antibodies
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The ways that antibodies assist in destruction of pathogens
cause AGGLUTINATION of bacterial cells or serve as marker
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What is the heavy chain in antibodies
clumps of basterial cells formed, making it easier for the phagocytes to locate them as they are less spread out within the body
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How does antibodies serve as marker help in destroying pathogen
stimulate phagocytes to engulf the bacterial cells to which they are attached
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How is monoclonal antibodies useful in medicine
What is the heavy chain in antibodies, medical diagnosis, pregnancy test
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What is the heavy chain in antibodies (monoclonal)
produces so its specific to antigens on cancer cells, so it attaches to receptor on their cancer cells surface to block chemical signals that stimulate uncontrolled growth
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Indirect monoclonal antibody therapy
Attaching radioactive/ TC drug to antibody. When antibody attaches to cancer it will KILL IT
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Ethics of monoclonal
Use of mice to produce antibodies and tumor cells / patient knows the risks and benefits of drug for consent
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Why are antibodies made of protein
Only proteins have the diversity of the molecular structure to produce millions of diff types
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Distinguish between antigen and antibodies
Antigen- triggers an immune response by lymphocytes/ Antibody= complementary shape to the antigen
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What are two forms of immunity
Passive and active
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What is passive immunity
antibodies are introduced from outside rather than being produced by the individual. immunity is normally short lived
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What is active immunity
individuals are stimulated to produce their own antibodies. immunity is normally long-lived
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What are the 2 types of active immunity
natural active immunity & artificial active immunity
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What is natural active immunity
results from individual becoming infected with a disease under normal circumstances. body produces its own antibodies & continue to do so for many years
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What is artificial active immunity
forms the basis of vaccination (immunisation). involves inducing a immune response without them suffering the symptoms of the disease
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What is vaccination
is the introduction of the appropriate disease antigens into the body
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Why do we vaccinate
to stimulate an immune response against a particular disease
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What the main feature of vaccine after introduced
memory cells are produced as they remain in the blood, which allow greater immediate response to a future infection
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The factors for a successful vaccination programmer
economically available in sufficient quantities for the population/ must be a few side effects/ must be produced and transported/ must vaccinate a vast #
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How does herd immunity arise
sufficient large proportion of the population has been vaccinated to make it difficult for a pathogen to spread
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why vaccination may not eliminate disease #1
fails to induce immunity to a individual/ may develop the disease so it cannot be prevented/ pathogens mutate frequently
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why vaccination may not eliminate disease #2
impossibles to develop a vaccine that is effective against variaty of pathogen/ pathogens may conceal themselves inside cells/ objections due to ethical reson
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What does AIDS stand for
Acquired Immune Deficient syndrome
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What molecules are in HIV
lipid envelope, attachment proteins, capsid, single strand RNA, some enzyme, reverse transcriptase
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What is reverse transcriptase
it is an enzyme that catalyses the production of DNA from RNA
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What group does HIV belong to
RETROVIRUSES
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What does HIV stand for
Human immunodeficiency virus
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Whats the difference a virus and HIV
HIV CANT REPLICATE ITSELF :) but it uses host cells biochemical mechanism to make new HIV
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How does HIV make new HIV - stage 1
enters & circulates blood stream/ attaches to TH cells/ protein capsid fuse to CSM/ RNA and enzyme enter TH cells/ Reverse transriptase/
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How does HIV make new HIV - stage 2
newly made DNA is moved into TH cells nucleus where its inserted into the cells DNA/ creates mRNA which has the instruction fora new viral protein & the RNA to go into the new virus
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How does HIV make new HIV - stage 3
mRNA out of the nucleus through nuclear pore & uses cells protein synthesis mechanism to make HIV particles
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How does HIV make new HIV - stage 4
particles break away form the TH cells with a piece of its CSM surrounding them which forms the lipid envelope
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Card 2

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Types of second line defense

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phagocytes, chemicals, inflammations

Card 3

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Define specific defence

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Card 4

Front

What are the 2 types of lymphocyte

Back

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Card 5

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what are lymphocytes

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