How do we see our world? - Key Definitions

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  • Created by: 16daleam1
  • Created on: 10-05-16 12:23
light-sensitive cells in the retina that can detect colour
cones
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the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It is made up of nerve cells called rods and cones
retina
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light-sensitive cells in the retina that respond even in dim light.
rods
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the way the brain makes sense of the visual image detected by the eyes.
perception
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the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves. It has no rods or cones so cannot detect light
blindspot
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bundle of nerve cells that leads out from the retina at the back of the eye. It carries information from the rods and cones to the brain.
optic nerve
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the cross-shape where some information from the left and right eye crosses over to pass into the opposite sides of the brain
optic chiasma
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the area at the back of the brain that interprets visual information.
visual cortex
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the visual 'clues' that we use to understand depth or distance
depth cues
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information about distance that comes from one eye, such as superimposition, relative size, texture gradient, linear perspective and height in the plane.
monocular depth cues
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information about distance that comes from two eyes, such as stereopsis.
binocular depth cues
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we perceive an object as the same size even when its distance from us changes
size consistency
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smaller objects are perceived as further away than larger ones
relative size
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an area with a detailed pattern is perceived to be nearer than one with less detail
texture gradient
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objects closer to the horizon are perceived to be more distant than ones below to above the horizon
height in the plane
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a partly hidden object must be further away than the object covering it
superimposition
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parallel lines appear to converge (meet) in the distance
linear perspective
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a binocular cue to depth. The greater the difference between the view seen by the left eye and the right eye, the closer the viewer is looking
stereopsis
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perceptual rules that organise stimuli
Gestalt laws
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a small, complex, symmetrical object (the figure) is seen as separate from a background (the ground)
figure-ground
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figures sharing size, shape or colour are grouped together with other things that look the same
similarity
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objects which are close together are perceived to be related
proximity
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straight lines, curves and shapes are perceived to carry on being the same
continuity
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lines or shapes are perceived as complete figures even if parts are missing
closure
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a conflict between reality and what we perceive
visual illusion
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an illusion caused when a figure is perceived even though it is not present in the stimulus
fiction
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a boundary (edge) that is perceived in a figure but is not present in the stimulus
illusory contour
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an illusion cause dub paying attention to movement in one direction and perceiving movement in the opposite direction immediately afterwards
motion after-effect
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an illusion caused by focusing on a coloured stimulus and perceiving opposite colours immediately afterwards
colour after-effect
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a stimulus with two possible interpretations, in which it is possible to perceive only one of the alternatives at any time.
ambiguous figure
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where our perception is deceived by some aspect of the stimulus. This can affect the shape or size of an object
distortion illusion
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a framework of knowledge about an object, event or group of people that can affect our perception and help us organise information and recall what we have seen.
schema
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the tendency to notice some things more than others. This can be caused by experience, context or expectations
perceptual set
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the factor which is changed by the researcher in an experiment to make two or more conditions
independent variable
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the factor which is measured in an experiment
dependent variable
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recalled material is not just a 'copy' of what we see or hear. Information is stored and when it is remembered it is 'rebuilt', so can be affected by extra information and by ideas (like schemas) we might already have.
reconstructive memory
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a research method which measures participants' performance in two or more conditions
experiment
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the way that participants are used in different conditions in an experiment. They may all do all conditions to different participants may do each condition
experimental design
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different participants are used in each condition in an experiment
independent groups design
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the same participants are used in all the conditions in an experiment
repeated measured design
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a testable statement of the difference between the conditions in an experiment. It describes *** the independent variable will affect the dependent variable
hypothesis
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ways to keep variables constant in all conditions of an experiment
controls
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an average that is the most common scores or response in a set
mode
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ways to summarise results from a study. They can shoe a typical or average score or how spread out the results are
descriptive statistics
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a graph with separate bars. Usually there is one bar from each condition in an experiment
bar chart
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an average that is the middle number in a set of scores when they are put in order from smallest to largest
median
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an average that is calculated by adding up all the scores in a set and dividing by the number of scores
mean
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a way to show how spread out a set of results is by looking at the biggest and smallest scores
range
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potential psychological or physical risks for people in experiments
ethical issues
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an individual's right to know what will happen in an experiment, and its aims, before agreeing to participate
informed consent
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a participant's right to leave a study at any time and their ability to do so
right to withdraw
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advice to help psychologists solve ethical issues
ethical guidelines
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somebody who sees a crime or aspect of a crime scene and who helps the police to find out what has happened or to catch whoever was responsible
eyewitness
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It is made up of nerve cells called rods and cones

Back

retina

Card 3

Front

light-sensitive cells in the retina that respond even in dim light.

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

the way the brain makes sense of the visual image detected by the eyes.

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves. It has no rods or cones so cannot detect light

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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