genetic keywords
i get these words constantly mixed up!
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- Created by: amber oakley
- Created on: 28-02-13 11:53
what is a gene?
a length of DNA that codes for one or more polypeptide
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what is a genome of an organism?
the entire DNA sequence of that orgainism. the human genome consists of 3 billion nucleotide bases
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what is transcription?
the creaton of a single-stranded mRNA copy of the DNA coding strand
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what is translation?
the assembly of polypeptides at ribosomes
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what is a mutation?
is a change in the amount of or the arrangement of the genetic material in a cell
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what is a chromosome mutation?
it involves changes to a part of or whole chromosomes
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what is a DNA mutation?
changes to genees due to changes in the nucleotide base sequences
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what is an allele?
an alternative version of a gene. it has the same locus and codes for the same polypeptide but alteration to the DNA base sequence may alter the proteins structure
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what is a point mutation?
where one base pair replaces another. these are also called substitutions
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what is a insertion/deletion mutation?
where one or more nucleotide pairs are inserted or deleted from a lenth of DNA. also known as FRAMESHIFT.
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what is an operon?
a length of DNA made up of structural genes and control sites. the structural genes code for proteins e.g. enzymes and te control sites are the operator region and a promote region
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the is the operator and promoter?
they are both genes as they are legnths of DNA. however they dont code for polypeptides.
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what is a repressor protein?
it can bind to the operator region and RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region to transcrive the structural genes.
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what are homeobox genes?
they control the development of a body plan of an organism including the polarity and positioning of the organs.
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what is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
A- leads to a tidy cell deat. N- untidy and damaging cell death that occurs after trauma and releases hydrolytic enzymes
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what is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
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what is meiosis?
is a reduction division. the resulting daughter cells have half the original no. of chromosomes. they are HAPLOID and can be used for sexual reproduction.
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what is bivalent?
pair of joined homologous chromosomes during prophase and metaphase of meiosis 1.
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what is the chiasmata? (chi-as-mata)
the point where non sister chromatides within a bivalent join where they cross over
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what is continuous variation?
genetic variation also called quantative variation where there is a wide range of phenotypic variations within the pop. theere are no distinct catagories it is controlled by many genes e.g. height.
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what is crossing over?
where non sister chromatides exchange alleles during prophase 1.
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what is a diploid?
having 2 sets of chromosomes.
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what is epistasis?
the interction of genes concerned with the expression of one charactersitic. one gene ay mask the expression of another gene.
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what are gametes?
specialised sex cells. in many organisms the gametes are haploid and produced by meiosis.
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what is a gene pool?
total genetic info possessed by te reproductive members within a pop.
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what is gene therapy?
the functioning allele is placed in the cells of an inficifual lacking functional alleles of that particular gene. can be used to treat recessive conditions but not dominant such as huntingtons.
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what s the Hayflick constant?
the number of times that a normal body cell divides before undergoing apoptosis. usually 50.
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what is a haploid
organism having only one set of chromsomes denoted by n.
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what is hemizygous?
cell or individuals having only 1 allele for a particular gene
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what is heterozygous?
organisms that have 2 differnt alles for a specific gene
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what is homozygous?
organisms that have 2 identical alles for a specific gene
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what is a hox cluster?
groups of homebox genes. more compex organisms have more clusters. prob due to mutation that duplicated the clusters.
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what is the locus?
specific positions on a chromsomes occupied by a specific gene.
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what is monogenic?
characterisitc coded for by one gene
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what is a chromatid
Each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.
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what are chromosomes?
1.A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
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prophase-
1.The first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears.
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metaphase-
1.The second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers
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anaphase-
1.The stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle
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telophase-
1.The final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed
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what is the maternal chromosome compared to the paternal?
M- set of chromsomes in a individuals cell contributed by the egg. P- contributed by the sperm
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define segregation
3.The separation of pairs of alleles at meiosis and their independent transmission via separate gametes
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what is the phenotype?
characteristics exressed in the organism. those features that can be observed
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what is the genotype?
the genetic make up of an organism e.g. Bb
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define: codominant
2 alleles of the same gene that are both expressed in the phenotpyes of a heterzygote.
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what is linkage?
refers to 2 or more genes that are located on the same chromosome. the linked alleles of these genes are normally inherited together ecause they dont segregate independently at meiosis unless chiasmata have been formed between them.
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what is sex linkage?
an association between genes in sex chromosomes that makes some characteristics appear more frequently in one sex than in the other
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
the entire DNA sequence of that orgainism. the human genome consists of 3 billion nucleotide bases
Back
what is a genome of an organism?
Card 3
Front
the creaton of a single-stranded mRNA copy of the DNA coding strand
Back
Card 4
Front
the assembly of polypeptides at ribosomes
Back
Card 5
Front
is a change in the amount of or the arrangement of the genetic material in a cell
Back
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