forensics ; biological explanations ; geetic and neural explanations

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GENETIC EXPLANATIONS
DFGD
1 of 71
what is the genetic explanation?
would-be offenders inherit a gene or combination that predisposes them to commit a crime
2 of 71
- twin studies
sdfsd
3 of 71
first criminal twin study conducted by?
lange
4 of 71
who investigated how many MZ twins?
13
5 of 71
and DZ?
17
6 of 71
where one of twins in each pair had?
served time in prison
7 of 71
found how many of 13 MZ twins had also been in prison?
10
8 of 71
and how many of DZ?
2
9 of 71
recent research by christiansen studied how many MZ?
87
10 of 71
and DZ?
147
11 of 71
and found concordance of what % MZ?
33%
12 of 71
and DZ?
12%
13 of 71
which supports what view?
offending may have genetic component
14 of 71
- candidate genes
dfgd
15 of 71
tiihonen et al genetically analysed almost how many offenders?
900
16 of 71
revealed abnormalities on how many genes that may be associated with violent crime?
two
17 of 71
which two genes?
MAOA / CDH13
18 of 71
MAOA does wht?
ctrls dopamine / serotonin and linked to agressive hevaiour
19 of 71
and CDH13 links to?
attention deficit disorder
20 of 71
w/ finnish sample individuals with this high risk combination were how many times more likely to have risk of violetn behaviour?
13
21 of 71
however must be emphasised this research is in infancy and has not so far been?
replicated
22 of 71
- diathesis-stress model
dfgdfg
23 of 71
if genetics do have some influence it seems likely this is @ least partly moderated by?
environment
24 of 71
tendency toward criminal behaviour may come about through combination of?
genetic predisposition + bio/psych trigger
25 of 71
NEURAL EXPLANATIONS
DFGD
26 of 71
much of the evidence in this area has investigated individuals diagnosed with?
antisocial personality disorder
27 of 71
APD is associated with what?
reduced emotional responses / lack empathy
28 of 71
and this characterises many?
convicted criminals
29 of 71
- prefrontal cortex
dgd
30 of 71
raine has conducted many studies of APD brain reporting there are many brain-imaging studies demonstrating what?
APD individuals have reduced activity in prefrontal cortex
31 of 71
this is the part of the brain that does what?
regulates emotional behaviour
32 of 71
along with this raine and colleagues found what % reduction in volume of grey matter in prefrontal cortext of ppl w/ APD comp 2 ctrls?
11%
33 of 71
- mirror neurons
dfgd
34 of 71
recent research suggests what about apd and empathy?
can experience but more sporadically than rest of us
35 of 71
keysers et al fd empathy reaction activated only when?
when criminals asked to empathise with person depicted on film w/ pain
36 of 71
this suggests what about ppl w/ APD?
hav neural switch that can be turned on and off
37 of 71
how is this unlike the normal brain?
switch is permanently on
38 of 71
EVALUATION
DFGD
39 of 71
:( twin studies
dgd
40 of 71
early twin studies like lange's decided they were twins how?
appearance > dna testing
41 of 71
as a result they may lack?
validity
42 of 71
twin studies also involve what kind of sample sizes?
small
43 of 71
and these are an unusual sample in themselves so may not?
reflect rest of population
44 of 71
what is a major confounding variable?
twins are reared in same environment
45 of 71
so?
concordance rates may be due to shared learning experiences > genetics
46 of 71
:) support for diathesis-stress model
sddf
47 of 71
mednicj conducted major study of over how many danish adoptees?
13000
48 of 71
researchers defined criminal behaviour as what?
being in posession of @ least one court conviction
49 of 71
and this was checked againt what?
danish police records for each adoptee
50 of 71
when neither biological nor adoptive parents had convictions % of adoptees that did was?
13.5%
51 of 71
figure was what % when either biological parents had convictions?
20%
52 of 71
and when both adoptive and biological parents had convictions?
24.5%
53 of 71
data suggests waht?
tho geneic inheritance plays important role in offending, env influence can't be disregarded
54 of 71
:( problems with adoption studies
dfdfgd
55 of 71
presumed separation of genetic / env inf in adoption studies complicated how?
many children experience late adoption
56 of 71
meaning?
much of infancy and childhood may have been spent with bio parents anyway
57 of 71
similarly lots of adoptees do what following adoption?
mntn regular contact w. bio parents
58 of 71
as well as this especially in mednick study figures quotes only apply to?
petty offences ad not voilent crime
59 of 71
this means what for any conclusions draw?
may not apply to more serious crime
60 of 71
EVAL EXTRA
DGD
61 of 71
:( biological reductionism
dfgdf
62 of 71
explanations that reduce criminality to genetic / neural level may be?
inappropriate + overly simplistic
63 of 71
crime does appear to run in families but so do which other things?
emotional instability / mental illness / poverty
64 of 71
this makes it difficult do separare whtat?
effects of genes / neural inf and other factors
65 of 71
also the case that while often difference in concordance rates between M/DZ twins neither do what?
show 100% concordance
66 of 71
:( biological determinism
dgd
67 of 71
why does notion of 'criminal gene' present dilemma?
current legal system based on premise criminals have personal and moral responsibility
68 of 71
only in extreme cases like mental illness can some claim what?
weren't acting under own free will
69 of 71
this raises ethical questions about?
what society does to people suspected of criminal genes
70 of 71
ad what implications this may have for?
sentencing
71 of 71

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what is the genetic explanation?

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would-be offenders inherit a gene or combination that predisposes them to commit a crime

Card 3

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- twin studies

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Card 4

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first criminal twin study conducted by?

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Card 5

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who investigated how many MZ twins?

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