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6. What is the definition of functional fixedness?
- Where an individual continues to proceed with something despite investments in money, effort or time being made
- A tendency to see objects as only working in a particular way
- When an individual tends to rely too heavily on the very first piece of information they learn
- Where an individual makes a decision based on overly optimistic forecasts of the outcomes of projects
7. What is the definition of sunk-cost bias?
- Where an individual continues to proceed with something despite investments in money, effort or time being made
- A tendency to see objects as only working in a particular way
- When an individual tends to rely too heavily on the very first piece of information they learn
- Where an individual makes a decision based on overly optimistic forecasts of the outcomes of projects
8. When was the dual-process model proposed?
9. What is the definition of planning bias (fallacy)?
- Where an individual makes a decision based on overly optimistic forecasts of the outcomes of projects
- When an individual tends to rely too heavily on the very first piece of information they learn
- Where an individual continues to proceed with something despite investments in money, effort or time being made
- A tendency to see objects as only working in a particular way
10. What is the definition of a problem?
- When a solution comes to you in an all-of-a-sudden manner
- When a systematic error in thinking affects the decisions & judgements that people make
- When a living organism has a goal but doesn’t know how this goal can be reached
- A mental shortcut (rule of thumb) that allows people to solve problems and make judgements quickly & efficiently
11. What is the definition of cognitive bias?
- An assessment of the likelihood of a given event occurring on the basis of incomplete info
- Where an individual makes a selection from various options where the full info is often unavailable, so a judgement is needed
- A systematic error in thinking that impacts an individual's choices and judgements
- A rule of thumb that is easy to use and much used in judgement & decision making
12. According to Prospect Theory, people are more sensitive to _____ than to ____
- Potential losses, potential gains
- Potential gains, potential losses
- Negative transfers, positive transfers
- Positive transfers, negative transfers
13. In Wallas' Problem Solving Model (1926), what is the incubation stage?
- Where an individual suddenly sees the idea, concept or solution to a problem (insight)
- Where the conscious & unconscious mind manipulate the problem (most important step)
- Where the problem is first perceived & defined
- Where an individual evaluates or tests the idea, concept or solution
14. What is the definition of decision-making?
- A rule of thumb that is easy to use and much used in judgement & decision making
- An assessment of the likelihood of a given event occurring on the basis of incomplete info
- Where an individual makes a selection from various options where the full info is often unavailable, so a judgement is needed
- A systematic error in thinking that impacts an individual's choices and judgements
15. In Wallas' Problem Solving Model (1926), what is the verification stage?
- Where the conscious & unconscious mind manipulate the problem (most important step)
- Where an individual evaluates or tests the idea, concept or solution
- Where the problem is first perceived & defined
- Where an individual suddenly sees the idea, concept or solution to a problem (insight)
16. What is the definition of anchoring effect?
- When an individual tends to rely too heavily on the very first piece of information they learn
- Where an individual makes a decision based on overly optimistic forecasts of the outcomes of projects
- A tendency to see objects as only working in a particular way
- Where an individual continues to proceed with something despite investments in money, effort or time being made
17. What is the definition of representative heuristic bias?
- Where an individual prefers to risk harm through inaction compared to risking harm through action
- Where an individual makes a decision based on how easily it can come to mind
- Where an individual makes a decision by comparing the present situation to it’s most representative mental prototype
- When an individual prefers information that conforms to their existing beliefs and discounts evidence that does not conform
18. What is the term for a frame of mind which involves an existing model for presenting a problem, problem context & procedure for problem solving?
- Heuristic
- Stereotypes
- Mental sets
- Functional fixedness
19. In Wallas’ Problem Solving Model (1926), what is the preparation stage?
- Where the problem is first perceived & defined
- Where an individual evaluates or tests the idea, concept or solution
- Where the conscious & unconscious mind manipulate the problem (most important step)
- Where an individual suddenly sees the idea, concept or solution to a problem (insight)
20. What is the definition of judgement?
- An assessment of the likelihood of a given event occurring on the basis of incomplete info
- A rule of thumb that is easy to use and much used in judgement & decision making
- Where an individual makes a selection from various options where the full info is often unavailable, so a judgement is needed
- A systematic error in thinking that impacts an individual's choices and judgements
