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6. Which studies replicate Johnson & Newport (1989) study?

  • Abrahamson (2012), White & Genessee (1996)
  • DeKayser (2000), Birdsong & Malis (2001)
  • Abrahamson (2012), Hakuta et al (2003)
  • DeKayser (2000), Hakuta et al (2003)

7. What did Abrahamson (2012) study find?

  • Strong negative correlation with morphosyntactic & phonetic test performance and AoA
  • Strong positive correlation with morphosyntactic & phonetic test performance and AoA
  • Strong negative correlation with morphosyntactic & lexical test performance and AoA
  • Weak negative correlation with morphosyntactic & phonetic test performance and AoA

8. What did Abrahamson (2012) study find?

  • only early learners of L2 (1-6yrs) showed signs of developing morph-syntactic & phonetic aspects simultaneously
  • only late learners of L2 (16+ yrs) showed signs of developing morph-syntactic & phonetic aspects simultaneously
  • only early learners of L2 (1-6yrs) showed signs of developing morph-syntactic & semantic aspects simultaneously
  • only late learners of L2 (16+ yrs) showed signs of developing morph-syntactic & semantic aspects simultaneously

9. What participants did Birdsong & Malis (2001) use?

  • L1/L2 pairing = French/English. 35 early arrivals. 65 late arrivals
  • L1/L2 pairing = Spanish/English. 29 early arrivals. 32 late arrivals
  • L1/L2 pairing = Spanish/English. 35 early arrivals. 65 late arrivals
  • L1/L2 pairing = French/English. 29 early arrivals. 32 late arrivals

10. What participants did Abrahamson (2012) use?

  • L1/L2 pairing = Spanish/Hungarian. 200 L1 Spanish of L2 Swedish. AoA ≤ 16 years = 101
  • L1/L2 pairing = Spanish/Swedish. 200 L1 Spanish of L2 Swedish. AoA ≤ 16 years = 101
  • L1/L2 pairing = Spanish/Swedish. 200 L1 Spanish of L2 Swedish. AoA ≤ 16 years = 150
  • L1/L2 pairing = Spanish/Hungarian. 200 L1 Spanish of L2 Swedish. AoA ≤ 16 years = 150

11. What 3 groups did White & Genessee (1996) use?

  • near-native English speakers, non-native, native control
  • close-native English speakers, non-native, native control
  • near-native Chinese speakers, non-native, native control
  • far-native English speakers, non-native, native control

12. What participants did J&N use?

  • 46 participants with L1 as Chinese or Japanese. Min 5 years exposure to language & min 3 years residency in US
  • 46 participants with L1 as Chinese or Korean. Min 5 years exposure to language & min 3 years residency in US
  • 51 participants with L1 as Chinese or Korean. Min 5 years exposure to language & min 3 years residency in US
  • 51 participants with L1 as Chinese or Japanese. Min 5 years exposure to language & min 3 years residency in US

13. What did a number of studies find?

  • individuals over 17 failed to attain native-like competence in L2
  • individuals over 15 failed to attain native-like competence in L2
  • individuals over 16 failed to attain native-like competence in L2
  • individuals over 18 failed to attain native-like competence in L2

14. What is near-native?

  • L2 in conversation identical to native speakers but can be identified by native speakers
  • L2 in conversation identical to native speakers but can show in detailed analysis
  • L2 in conversation not identical but can not be identified by native speakers
  • L2 in conversation similar to native speakers and also shows in detailed analysis

15. Who found evidence of native-like performance in participants 16 and over?

  • Birdsong & Malis (2001)
  • Johnson & Newport (1989)
  • Abrahamson (2012)
  • DeKayser (2000)
  • Hakuta et al (2003)

16. Who found a ceiling performance effect?

  • Birdsong & Malis (2001)
  • Johnson & Newport (1989)
  • Abrahamson (2012)
  • DeKayser (2000)
  • Hakuta et al (2003)

17. What participants did DeKayser (2000) use?

  • L1/L2 pairing = Hungarian/English. 15 AoA ≤ 16 years. 42 AoA ≥ 16 years
  • L1/L2 pairing = Swedish/English. 15 AoA ≤ 16 years. 42 AoA ≥ 16 years
  • L1/L2 pairing = Hungarian/English. 20 AoA ≤ 16 years. 31 AoA ≥ 16 years
  • L1/L2 pairing = Swedish/English. 20 AoA ≤ 16 years. 31 AoA ≥ 16 years

18. What age effects did White & Genessee (1996) study find?

  • early learners (≤ 7) = 75% achieved near-native performance. 2/3 adults reached near-native performance
  • early learners (≤ 7) = 60% achieved near-native performance. 1/3 adults reached near-native performance
  • early learners (≤ 7) = 75% achieved near-native performance. 1/3 adults reached near-native performance
  • early learners (≤ 7) = 60% achieved near-native performance. 2/3 adults reached near-native performance

19. What participants did Hakuta et al (2003) use?

  • 2 million + from 2000 census data. L1 = French or Chinese
  • 2 million + from 2000 census data. L1 = Spanish or Chinese
  • 2 million + from 1990 census data. L1 = Spanish or Chinese
  • 2 million + from 1990 census data. L1 = French or Chinese

20. Which studies are against the critical period?

  • Birdsong & Malis (2001), Hakuta et al (2003), White & Genessee (1996)
  • Johnson & Newport (1989), Hakuta et al (2003), White & Genessee (1996)
  • Birdsong & Malis (2001), Hakuta et al (2003), Abrahamson (2012)
  • Johnson & Newport (1989), Dekayser (2000), Birdsong & Malis (2001)