80,000 soldiers diagnosed with "shell shock", was referred to as an illness rather than admit war itself is atrocious
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1952 the first DSM was published, described what diagnosis?
Gross Stress Reaction
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DSM-3 onwards, PTSD included 17 symptoms across what 3 clusters?
Re-experiencing, Hyper-arousal, Avoidance
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What 5 criteria are needed for PTSD diagnosis
Traumatic exposure, intrusive memories, Arousal, avoidance, alterations in cognitions or mood
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How long do symptoms need to persist for diagnosis?
More than 1 month following traumatic event, must along significantly impact at least 1 area of social/Occupational life
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Bryant
Meta-analyses found consistent social, demographic, trauma-related and biological correlates of PTSD+effective treatments, but same analyses showed effect sizes of many of these variables vary dramatically
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ICD more useful in countries with limited resources - why?
Used by all WHO member countries (117), translated into 43 languages, uses more precise descriptions that are cross-culturally relevant. Lower comorbidity rates = avoids false diagnoses
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Cloitre et al.
Overwhelming evidence supports the distinct difference between PTSD and CPTSD
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Factors that predict CPTSD instead of PTSD development: Murphy et al.
Childhood traumatisation
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Factors that predict CPTSD instead of PTSD development: Hyland et al.
Childhood sexual abuse
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Factors that predict CPTSD instead of PTSD development: Karatzias et al
Unemployment status
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Benjet et al.
Representative surveys from 24 countries of traumatic event exposure. Highest was Ukraine, lowest in Bulgaria.
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51.9%...
... of all traumatic exposure was found to be due to the top 5 most common traumas
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5 most common traumas?
Being mugged, life-threatening accident, life-threatening illness, death of a loved one, witnessing death
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Women more likely to experience what violence?
Intimate partner sexual violence
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Men more likely to experience what violence?
Physical violence and accidents
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Polyvictimization
Experiencing multiple victimizations
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Kessler et al.
Lifetime PTSD prevalence rates up to 14% higher in women
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Pre-trauma risk factors: Gressier et al.
Short allele for serotonin transporter gene associated with PTSD, however, only found AFTER traumatic exposure and only in highly traumatic events
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Pre-trauma risk factors: Logue et al.
Hippocampus smaller in those with PTSD, causation or consequence?
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Pre-trauma risk factors: Pineles et al.
Females twice as likely to be diagnosed
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Brewin et al. risk factors
Age of trauma exposure, prior depressive experiences, family history, social factors
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Peri-trauma risk factors: Trickery et al.
Perceived life threat, sexual violence, and extreme interpersonal violence
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Eisen et al, Morgan et al both found that...
... peri-traumatic dissociation consistently a risk factor for PTSD development
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Post-trauma risk factors: Bryant and Guthrie
Negative cognitions and thinking patterns (such as catastrophic thinking)
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Ehlers et al.
Cognitive models suggest an individual's assessment of the event and capacity to respond is crucial to recovery
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Post-trauma risk factors: Hyman et al.
Lack of social support highly implicated in recovery of women who reported Childhood Sexual Abuse (CSA). 172 women, regression analysis found that social support buffered PTSD development
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Ullman et al.
Re-victimised women had greater PTSD symptoms and more negative social reactions
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Which treatments are ineffective for PTSD?
Benzodiazapines (short-term outweighed by long term risks) and SSRIs (small effect size of performing better than placebo)
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Which treatments are effective and recommended by NICE for PTSD?
TF-CBT and EMDR
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
1952 the first DSM was published, described what diagnosis?
Back
Gross Stress Reaction
Card 3
Front
DSM-3 onwards, PTSD included 17 symptoms across what 3 clusters?
Back
Card 4
Front
What 5 criteria are needed for PTSD diagnosis
Back
Card 5
Front
How long do symptoms need to persist for diagnosis?
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