English language

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Zimmerman & West
DOMINANCE
found 96%of all interruption made in mixed-sex conversations are by men
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Russel
DOMINANCE
Women frequently controlled by use of insulting language & many of these words associate promiscuity e.g. '****'. Words referring to men often less insulting
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Stanley
DOMINANCE
220 words referring to promiscuous females, 20 for men
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Kuiper
DOMINANCE
men use insults as a way of expressing solidarity
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Spender
DOMINANCE
topic control, interruption, verbosity. Language is 'man-made'/ constructed by men as way of embodying male dominance.
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Lakoff-features of women's language.
DEFICIT (socialisation made women's language less assertive than men's genderlect)
empty adjectives, excessively polite forms, euphemisms, more apologies than men, avoid taboo, requests made indirectly, intensifiers, hedges, tag questions.
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Lakoff- Politeness Principles
DEFICIT
Don't impose
Give options
Make receiver feel good
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Tannen
DIFFERENCE
status vs support
independence vs intimacy
orders vs proposals
information vs feelings
advice vs understanding
conflict vs compromise
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Coates
DIFFERENCE
female talk=cooperative, based on negotiation & support
These patterns not found in mixed-talk
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Pilkington
DIFFERENCE
women in same-sex talk=more collaborative than men were in all-male talk. Women aim for more positive politeness but men are less complimentary &supportive in all-male talk.
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Holmes
DIFFERENCE
claimed tag questions may not simply be a sign of uncertainty, could be perceived as multi-functional.
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Cheshire
DIFFERENCE
women more likely to adopt standard english than men. Boys like 'toughness' rating they gain from using dialect. Interviewed boys in READING -nearly all used non-standard talk.
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Trudgill
DIFFERENCE
men tended to use more non-standard forms. Covert prestige. Focused on 'ing'
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Cameron
OTHER
critised idea that there are innate differences between men & women's speech. Doesn't focus on biological differences, but how speakers construct gender identities themselves.
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Obar & Atkins
OTHER
men of lower class backgrounds used similar features of women's language, showing uncertainty e.g. hedges. Led them to believe features of uncertain speech were more dependent on power than gender.
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Hyde
OTHER
more similarities than differences between male & female language. More factors: age, class, occupation, ethnicity, sexuality, education. Challenges previous gender theories.
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semantic deterioration
negative connotations become attacthed to lexical items e.g. 'lady'-high status, 'cleaning lady'-low status
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lexical asymmetry
male words and female equivalents often unequal.
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marked terms
terms for females often marked by addition of suffix to male term which is often unmarked.
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folklinguistics
attitudes and assumptions about language that have no real evidence to support them e.g assumuption that women are more chatty" than men.
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political correctness
describe language / policies that aren't intended to offend / disadvantage any particular group in society.
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semantic derogation
negative meaning / connotation that some lexis have attached to them e.g. mistress
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generic man
use of masculine pronouns as generic pronouns when gender is unspecified is generally no longer accepted.
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Card 2

Front

Russel
DOMINANCE

Back

Women frequently controlled by use of insulting language & many of these words associate promiscuity e.g. '****'. Words referring to men often less insulting

Card 3

Front

Stanley
DOMINANCE

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Kuiper
DOMINANCE

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Spender
DOMINANCE

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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