Energy and Environment II

What are the six kingdoms of life?

Bacteria : eubacteria. Archaea: archaea-bacteria - halophiles, thermophiles, Eukarya : protista - green/brown algae, fungi: mushrooms, yeast, moulds, Plantae, Animalia

1 of 24

Outline bacteria facts

Bacteria simple morphologically but diverse metabolically. Can adapt to extreme pH, temperature, pressure and chemicals. Vital in recycling nutrients : nitrogen fixation. Cause enteric disease.

2 of 24

What can bacteria indicate?

Some bacteria used as faecal matter indicator organisms like E.Coli, easier to detect than pathogens but must have similar decay characteristics

3 of 24

What is process of enumerating bacteria?

Enumerating bacteria - 9ml of broth has 1ml of bacteria added. Concentration 1/10. 1ml of this mix is added to 9ml of another broth, concentration then 1/100. Reduces colonies to count.

4 of 24

What is formula for number of cells in enumerating bacteria?

Plate count * dilution factor = number of cells

5 of 24

How how ammonium made to nitrate, then made to plant food and animal protein in the nitrogen cycle?

Ammonium (NH3/NH4) -> nitrification -> Nitrite (NO2-) -> nitrification (Nitrate (NO3-)). Fertilisation -> plant protein/organic nitrogen -> animal food -> animal protein -> ammonification (biological decomposition, ***** matter, urea) -> ammonium

6 of 24

How is atmospheric nitrogen gas made and how does lightning change its form?

Nitrogen fixation from bacteria and algae takes nitrogen from plants to atmosphere. Lightning nitrifies it. Denitrification of nitrate makes atmospheric nitrogen gas

7 of 24

Outline funghi facts

Funghi, live in moist terrestrial habitats. 5000 species. Can be transmitted in wastewater and sludge. Symbiotic associations - 75% of vascular plants form fungal-root associations. Primary decomposers : heterotrophs and saprophytic. Central to N,C,P

8 of 24

What can funghi convert resistant organic substrates to?

Funghi can convert resistant organic substrates to utilisable ones like cellulose.

9 of 24

What about soil does funghi benefit?

Soil fertility and bioremediation (cleans soil)

10 of 24

Why is funghi good for composting?

Funghi is a thermophile

11 of 24

What do the hyphae of funghi do?

Fungal hyphae (mycellium) - look like worms, cell wall made from cellulose and chitin. Penetrate dense organic materials like wood and degrade.

12 of 24

How does saprophytic nutrition work?

Hyphae extends continuously at apex out of zone of enzyme erosion of substrate. Enzymes secreted at apex to degrade polymer. Soluble nutrients released by enzymes and absorbed subapically. Antibiotics are released to substrate erosion zone

13 of 24

What are positives and negatives of funghi in civil engineering?

Hyphae trap sewage solids in percolating filter (but can cause ponding and reduced efficiency), associated with bulking in activated sludge - hinders settlement and reduces effluent quality. Risk of spreading pathogens. Threatens timber dry/wet rot

14 of 24

Outline algae facts

Aquatic, terrestrial (moist habitats). Planktonic (suspending/floating). Benthic (attached/living at bottom). Phytoplankton are unicellular. Photosynthesis is done by algae, autotrophic and anabolic activity

15 of 24

What is photosynthesis formula?

6CO2 + 6H2O +light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

16 of 24

What are advantages and disadvantages of algae?

Important in wastewater oxidation ponds. Photosynthetic oxygenation. Algal toxins are harmful to enteric disease. Eutrophication - excess nutrients leads to excess algae, bacterial depletion. Can impart taste/odour and disrupt treatment

17 of 24

Outline facts about protozoa

Protozoa (simple: amoeba, complex: paramecium). Chemoheterotrophic. Inhabit fresh/marine water and present in decaying organic matter. Enteric and vascular parasites.

18 of 24

How is protozoa used in WW?

Biomass grazing accelerates WW treatment by 50% and contributes to nitrogen cycle. Removes suspended particles from wastewater effluents.

19 of 24

What is a common disease from protozoa?

Giardia lamblia - infective cysts contaminate food/water. Trophozoites are active feeding phase of infection.

20 of 24

What are advantages and disadvantages of protozoa?

Predatory and remove dispersed bacteria, reduce turbidity (murkiness of water), graze on pathogenic bacteria, cause enteric disease and circulatory disease.

21 of 24

What are virus features?

Viruses have diameter up to 300nm, length up to 800nm. Intracellular parasite - needs to be in host cell to multiply. Has acellular structure with protein coat that carries division info

22 of 24

What are icosahedral viruses?

Icosahedral viruses (polyhedral). Multi-faceted hollow structure with 20 equilateral triangular faces. Made from ring shaped capsomer protein units.

23 of 24

What are bacteriophage?

Complex viruses have head and nucleic acid, tail core, tail fibres and end plate. Virus adheres to surface of bacterium, inserts tail core through cell wall, injects DNA strand. This replicates in bacteria and is then released

24 of 24

Get Revising

Energy and Environment II

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Back

Card 3

Front

Back

Card 4

Front

Back

Card 5

Front

Back

Comments

Similar Civil Engineering resources:

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Back

Card 3

Front

Back

Card 4

Front

Back

Card 5

Front

Back

Comments

Related discussions on The Student Room

Similar Civil Engineering resources: