Energy and Environment I

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What are the 6 things living organisms need?
Reproduction, growth, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, excretion, and the cell
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In a prokaryote cell what is the capsule, cytoplasm and cell wall?
Capsule - polysaccharide layer which protects cell. Cytoplasm - functions for cell growth, metabolism etc. Cell wall - maintains shape
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What do the plasma membrane, nucleoid, and plasmid do in a prokaryote cell?
Plasma membrane - regulates substances in and out of cell, nucleoid - contains DNA, plasmid - small circular double stranded DNA
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What do inclusion and flagella do in a prokaryote cell?
Inclusion - stores excess nutrients, flagella - cell movement
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What's does the prokaryote cell lack. What size is it?
Lacks membrane. 0.5-5 micrometers
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What do mitochondria, vacuole and lysosome do in a eukaryote cell?
Mitochondria - metabolises and breaks down carbohydrates and fatty acids to make ATP, vacuole - transports materials in and out, lysosome - breaks down foreign bodies entering cell.
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What do centriole, cytoskeleton and golgi apparatus do in the eukaryotic cell?
Centriole - aids in cell division. Cytoskeleton - made from microfilaments, controls movement. Golgi-apparatus - processes and bundles proteins and lipids during synthesis
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What are endoplasmic reticulum and vesicle in eukaryote cell?
Endoplasmic reticulum - important in protein synthesis and transport - folded. Vesicle - Transports and stores substances within cell, lipid bilayer
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What do ribosomes, nucleus, and nucleolus do in eukaryote cell?
Ribosomes - select RNAs and link amino acids to form polypeptide chain. Nucleus - houses DNA and directs ribosome synthesis. Nucleolus - rewrites RNA and combines with protein to make ribosomes
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What does catabolism do?
Metabolism - takes energy sources and turns to ATP which is used in anabolism.
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What does anabolism do?
Anabolism, synthesises monomeric compounds by utilising ATP to make lipids, amino acids etc. Takes external nutrients, go to intracellular precursor pool, make biosynthetic intermediates (amino acids), make biopolymers (proteins)
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What is a product of anabolism?
ADP
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What is the metabolism?
Metabolism is the product of biochemical reactions - catalysed by enzymes.
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What types of autotrophs are there?
Autotrophs can have inorganic carbon sources for food (reducing CO2). Photoautotrophs (light source): photo-synthetic bacteria, algae, green/purple sulfur. Chemo-autotrophs (inorganic compounds E source), nitrifying bacteria
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What types of heterotrophs are there?
Heterotrophs, organic compounds carbon source. Photoheterotrophs: purple/green nonsulfur bactera, chemo-autotrophs: most bacteria, all protozoa, funghi and animals.
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What are glycosis and Kreb's cycle in catabolism and energy production?
Glycosis - 6C atoms from glucose form pyruvic acid. Hydrogen carried by NADH. Kreb's cycle: acetyl-coenzyme A links to Kreb's cycle, where NADH and ATP released
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What is the final step of metabolism?
ATP produced by chemical reaction between electron donor (NADH), and acceptor (Can be O2 for aerobic or NO3- for anaerobic)
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How does fermentation work?
NADH and ATP make pyruvic acid, leads to formation of fermentation end products
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How does bacterial cell division work?
In prokaryotes, there is no spindle apparatus. Chromosomes multiply and then cell divides
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What are the phases of microbial growth?
Lag phase - acclimitisation to new growth substrate and enzyme production, log growth phase = Nt=N0*e^ut where u growth constant, 3 - stationary phase, substrate exhausted. 4- death phase, loss of viability and cell mass
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In eukaryotes what are mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis - asexual, makes 2 daughter cells. Meiosis - sexual, produces sex cells
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What types of microbes need oxygen and what types don't?
Facultative anaerobes - grow better with oxygen present but don't require it, can switch. Obligate aerobe - only grows with O2 electron acceptors. Obligate anaerobe - can't tolerate O2 and dies when exposed
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What temperatures can microbial types tolerate?
Thermophiles - optimum 55-75 degrees, mesophiles optimum 30-45 degrees, psychrophiles (obligate) 15-18 degrees, (facultative) 25-30 degrees
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What are facultative psychrophiles known for?
Facultative psychrophiles are psychrotrophs - cold tolerant and but grow best above 15 degrees
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Why does microbial growth rate stop fast with temperature rise above optimum?
Growth rate of microbes with temperature falls fast due to denaturation of enzyme proteins
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What are optimum pHs for microbes?
Acidophiles - optimum pH 0-4, neutrophiles optimum pH 6-9, alkaliphiles - optimum pH 8-14
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How do cytoplasms control pH?
Cytoplasmic pH control, selective membrane permeable only to certain ions
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What types of microbes thrive at what types of water content?
Most bacteria can't tolerate water content below 0.95. Osmotolerant and halotolerant can handle lower. Osmophiles and extreme halophiles tolerate very low water activity
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What do higher solute concentrates do to water activity?
Higher solute concentrations - lower water activity.
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What are xerophiles?
Organisms that can live in dry environments
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What is OP and how are bacteria sensitive to it?
OP is osmotic potential of water molecules to move to lower concentrations. Cells are sensitive to changes of OP. Solutes in cytoplasm maintain OP. Water availability reduced by solutes
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

In a prokaryote cell what is the capsule, cytoplasm and cell wall?

Back

Capsule - polysaccharide layer which protects cell. Cytoplasm - functions for cell growth, metabolism etc. Cell wall - maintains shape

Card 3

Front

What do the plasma membrane, nucleoid, and plasmid do in a prokaryote cell?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What do inclusion and flagella do in a prokaryote cell?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What's does the prokaryote cell lack. What size is it?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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