Energy and Environment 9

?
How much waste generated by uK?
In the UK almost 600kg of waste is produced per person per year
1 of 27
What is greatest source of household waste?
Kitchen waste, garden waste and paper/board make almost 60% of household waste
2 of 27
What are the components of a municipal solid waste landfill that seal in trash?
There's vegetation, then soil, then gravel/drainage and a gas collector, plastic liner, clay, then trash. Pipes collect methane gas from recovery well for flare or fuel.
3 of 27
What lies beneath trash in a municipal solid waste landfill?
Trash then soil, then gravel and drainage and geotextile mat, then leachate collection pipe, then plastic liner, then clay.
4 of 27
How is leachate and gas dealt with in a municipal solid waste landfill.
Soil monitoring and groundwater monitoring detect leachate and gas. Leachate collection systems can be gravity fed or pumped into tanks/retention ponds for storage before treatment
5 of 27
What is the linear and circular economy?
In linear economy take make dump is the principe, while for circular economy technical and biological nutrients separate, can be reused
6 of 27
What are main components of waste in landfill?
Cellulose makes 50% of waste, hemicellulose makes 12%, then lignin 10-15% then protein and lipids (fats/oils) make around 4%. Remainder non-degradable (metals, glass, plastics). Degradation initially aerobic until oxygen runs out
7 of 27
What are major carbohydrates? What's photosynthesis formula?
Cellulose and hemicellulose types of carbohydrates. Major part of biomass. H2O+CO2 + nutrients (nitrate - NO3, Phosphate etc) -> CH2O (organic matter) + O2 Glucose most common organic molecule on planet
8 of 27
What are facts of glucose?
Glucose monosaccharide (Can't be simplified more), a simple sugar. Contains 6 Cs. Top has C=O functional group with C-H and C=O for C1.
9 of 27
How is D Glucose bonded?
Top: C1 bonds to H and double bond to O, then C below C bonds to H - OH (L-R), C below HO-H, then C4 H-OH, same for C5, C6 below H-H and OH
10 of 27
How are cyclic monosaccharides made?
Glucose becomes ring with C=O(= shows O bonded to C and the next monosaccharide) functional group (carbonyl) reacting with OH group on carbon 4
11 of 27
What bonds are involved in disaccharide formation? (involves glycosidic linkage)
Disaccharides formed from linkages, either alpha or beta. Bonds are beta if the OH at the end of the ring is above the plane. Known as a/B 1-4 linkage as C1 from end of one monomer reacts with components from C4 side.
12 of 27
How is cellulose made? What bonds does it have? |(polysaccharide)
Cellulose is formed by beta glycosidic bonds. Forms fibres and sheets with hydrogen bonding between chains. Alpha links give starch and glycogen. Cotton is a major part of MSW, pure cellulose
13 of 27
Where is cellulose found?
Cellulose found in wood pulp and paper.
14 of 27
How many membered rings does hemicellulose have? Does it have complex structure?
Hemicellulose very similar to cellulose but with 5-6 membered rings. Common examples glucose and xylose. Very complicated structure
15 of 27
What is structure of alpha amino acids which make protein? - Primary structure (R is functional group, type of molecules added)
Proteins are found in food waste. Consist of C surrounded by bonds to R (left), H below, NH3+ (hydrogen donator - acid part) above, and COO- right (base part, accepts hydrogen)
16 of 27
What are hydrophobic and hydrophilic side groups of amino acids?
Hydrophobic side groups aren't polar, don't want to react with water, hydrophilic side groups polar and do. Some amino acids in between!
17 of 27
How do peptide bonds make dipeptide? Secondary structure
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds. C=O C-OH bond reacts with NH2 on other side. Bond becomes C-N C=O with water eliminated. OH from C=O C-OH and H from NH2 forms water and leaves
18 of 27
Describe what structural protein is like, with example (Tertiary structure)
Silk fibroin has very strong bonds and regular arrangement (Structural protein)
19 of 27
Describe globular proteins.
Globular protein forms complex globular tube shape (like worm), ie - myoglobin
20 of 27
Why is protein an issue in waste?
Proteins major molecule in biodegradable waste. Breakdown gives ammonium ions (NH4+) in landfill leachate
21 of 27
What makes up lipids and proteins?
Proteins and lipids made up of three fatty acids plus glycerol. Fatty acid has C with R left, =O bond to above, and OH to right while glycerol has C with HO to left, H above and H right, three times.
22 of 27
How do Esther bonds work in lipids?
In Esther bond, carbon from fatty acids reacts with oxygen from its OH bond which reacts with O of glycerol. In process, 3H2O is released and glycerol becomes triacylglycerol
23 of 27
What are triacylglycerols?
Fats and oils triacylglycerols, consists of three fatty acids and glycerol
24 of 27
What is R in fatty acids?
R = long chain hydrocarbons (CH3 8(CH2))-. In fats chains saturated with just single bonds while oils contain more unsaturated c=c bonds (ie at end of chain 8th CH has double bond with CH from other chain)
25 of 27
How is structure of fat/oil molecule for fatty acids?
At end of fat/oil molecule last CH2 reacts with fatty acid C=O C-OH
26 of 27
How do lipids form cell walls?
Lipids have hydrophilic polar charged heads at ends and hydrocarbon tails that are hydrophobic.
27 of 27

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is greatest source of household waste?

Back

Kitchen waste, garden waste and paper/board make almost 60% of household waste

Card 3

Front

What are the components of a municipal solid waste landfill that seal in trash?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What lies beneath trash in a municipal solid waste landfill?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How is leachate and gas dealt with in a municipal solid waste landfill.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Civil Engineering resources:

See all Civil Engineering resources »See all Energy and environment resources »