Energy and Ecosystems

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1. Which of the following are the detrimental effects of nitrogen-containing fertilisers?

  • They are more expensive than natural fertilisers
  • Reduced species diversity (favour rapid growing species) and leaching and eutrophication (dissolved nitrate ions in the soil find their way into water courses)
  • Increased species diversity (more ions for plants to take up) and leaching and eutrophication (dissolved nitrate ions in the soil find their way into water courses)
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2. What happens during the process of ammonification?

  • Saprobionts feed on nitrogen-containing compounds (e.g. urea) which releases ammonia forming ammonium ions in the soil
  • Ammonia gas is converted into ammonium ions in the soil which are then taken up by plants
  • Ammonium ions are converted into nitrite ions and then into nitrate ions via mutualistic bacteria

3. (1) What are mycorrhizae and (2) what do they do?

  • (1) Associations between fungi and plant roots (2) increase surface area for absorption
  • (1) Associations between fungi and leaves (2) increase surface area for photosynthesis
  • (1) A type of funghi (2) kill plants

4. What do nitrifying bacteria do to ammonium ions?

  • Oxidation of ammonium ions to nitrate ions, then oxidation of nitrate ions to nitrite ions
  • Oxidation of ammonium ions to nitrite ions, then oxidation of nitrite ions to nitrate ions
  • Convert ammonium ions into nitrogen gas

5. What process happens when soil becomes waterlogged?

  • Denitrification - anaerobic denitrifying bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into soil nitrates
  • Denitrification - anaerobic denitrifying bacteria convert soil nitrates into gaseous nitrogen
  • Denitrification - aerobic denitrifying bacteria convert soil nitrates into gaseous nitrogen
  • Ammonification - nitrogen-containing compounds are broken down by saprobionts to produce ammonium ions
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