endocrinology

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  • Created by: maddie289
  • Created on: 27-01-21 14:17
explain the difference between endocrine and exocrine systems
endocrine - glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
exocrine - substances are secreted outside the body by glands
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what are the endocrine organs?
1. pancreas
2. ovaries & testes
3. adrenal gland
4. pituitary gland
5. thyroid gland
6. pineal gland
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what are peptide hormones?
hormones which are synthesised in ribosomes
examples: insulin, glucagon, ACTH, endorphins
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what are steroid hormones?
hormones derived from cholesterol which can cross membranes by themselves
examples: oestrogen, testosterones, cortisol, dexamethasone
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explain the difference between catecholamine
and iodothyronine hormones
both are derived from tyrosine
catecholamine examples: dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline
iodothyronines are iodised tyrosine hormones synthesised in the thyroid gland
examples: Thyroxine, T3
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what are tropic hormones?
hormones which activate/affect the release of another hormone
example: TRH acts on the pituitary to release TSH which acts on the thyroid to release T4
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explain the hormone axis and disease
the axis is a set of stimulation and feedback
events between several organs
primary, secondary, tertiary refer to each organ
example: 1- endocrine organ, 2- pituitary,
3- hypothalamus
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which hormones are secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary?
posterior - oxytocin, ADH
anterior - TSH, LH, FSH, prolactin, ACTH, HGH
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name the functions of the thyroid gland
1. growth
2. metabolism
3. bone maturation
4. cardiovascular
5. neurologic
5. sympathetic NS
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name the layers of the adrenal gland, and what hormones do they secrete?
1. glomerulosa - mineralcorticoids
example: aldosterone
2. fasciculata - glucocorticoids
example: cortisol
3. reticularis - androgens
example: DHEA
4. medulla - catecholamines
example: adrenaline/noradrenaline
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what are the functions of cortisol?
1. metabolism
2. immunity
3. nervous system
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what is the main function of aldosterone?
to increase Na+ retention
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which hormones are involved in the fight or flight response?
catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline)
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DHEA is converted into which other hormones?
testosterone and oestrodiol
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what are the gonads responsible for?
1. reproduction
2. sexual characterisation
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dwarfism and gigantism are a result of what hormone?
Human growth Hormone

(dwarfism is due to deficiency
gigantism is due to an excess)
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what cells are present in the pancreas?
acinar cells (exocrine function)
islet of langerhans (endocrine function)
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name the different types of pancreatic islet and what hormone they secrete
1. alpha cells - secrete glucagon
2. beta cells - secrete insulin
3. delta cells - secrete somatostatin
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what hormones are secreted by enteroendocrine cells?
1. GLP1 and GIP
2. cholecystokinin
2. ghrelin
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what are the endocrine functions of the kidneys?
1. renin-angiotensin system
2. EPO production (erythropoietin)
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what hormones (adipokines) are released by adipose tissue?
1. adiponectin (enhances proliferation)
2. leptin (response to insulin)
3. resistin, RBP-4 (for insulin resistance)
4. visfatin (for insulin secretion)
5. apelin (for BP)
6. TNF-alpha, MCP-1 (for inflammation)
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talk about primary adrenal insufficiency
1. hypocortisolism
2. a result of the adrenal gland not producing enough cortisol
3. patients present with nausea, hyperpigmentation and weakness
4. treatment is corticosteroids to replace the cortisol
5. usually autoimmune
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talk about secondary adrenal insufficiency
1. hypocortisolism
2. due to the pituitary gland not producing enough ACTH
3. patients have the same symptoms as those with Addison's
4. the adrenocortical cells can atrophy
5. treatment is corticosteroids
6. patients have low a cortisol serum and ACT
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talk about tertiary adrenal insufficiency
1. hypocortisolism
2. due to the hypothalamus not producing enough CRH
3. patients will have low cortisol serum, ACTH plasma and CRH plasma
4. common cause is chronic synthetic glucocorticoid administration
5. same symptoms as Addison's' patients
6. tre
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what is Addison's disease?
1. hypocortisolism
2. the adrenal gland does not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone
3. patients present with hyperpigmentation, nausea, weakness, mental illness, and metabolic acidosis
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explain Cushing's syndrome
1. disorders relating to excess cortisol production (so hypercortisolism)
2. patients present with central obesity, hypertension and a glucose intolerance
3. rage of treatments including surgery
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explain the synacthen test
1. to determine which stage of hypocortisolism
2. no response to the short test = primary
3. low ACTH and high CRH to long test = secondary
4. low ACTH and CRH to long test = tertiary
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explain the dexamethasone suppression test
1. for hypercortisolism
2. low dose & 50% suppression = cushing's syndrome
3. low dose & no suppression = ectopic
ACTH production
4. high dose & no suppression = ectopic
ACTH production
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what are the endocrine organs?

Back

1. pancreas
2. ovaries & testes
3. adrenal gland
4. pituitary gland
5. thyroid gland
6. pineal gland

Card 3

Front

what are peptide hormones?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what are steroid hormones?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

explain the difference between catecholamine
and iodothyronine hormones

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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