Emotions

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What are emotions?
Fight or flight responses to dangerous situation, reproduction/upbringing, Quick decisions to complex problems, learning
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What are the 2 components of emotions?
Emotional response, subjective emotional feeling
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When one nervous system is active the other one is?
Not activated
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What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
Constrict pupils, stimulate salivia, slow heartbeat, constrict airways, stimulate activity of stomach, inhibit release of glucose and stimulate intestines
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What does the sympathetic NS do
Dilate pupils, inhibit saliva, increase heart beat, relax airways, inhibit activity of stomach, stimulate release of glucose, inhibit intestines, secret eninpherine
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What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?
Fight or flight
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What does the sympathetic nervous system work for?
short emergency (fear or sexual arousal)
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AS well as?
Acceleration of heart rate • Slowing of digestive function • Perspiration • Increase in glucose availability
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What can detect changes in ANS?
Polygraph and skin conductance
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What do the adrenal glands produce?
Cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline
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What do hormonal changes allow?
Increased production in case of stress and gives supply of ocygen and glucose to brain and muscles (rapid energy)
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What is the hormonal change pathway?
Hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands
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What are body postures and gestures due to hormonal changes?
Fight, flight or freezing
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What are facial expressions?
Some are innate and universal, there are six primary emotions: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust
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What is first neural circuit for facial expressions?
Voluntary: On command: corticospinal system, pyramidal tract
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What are the involuntary neural circuits?
Spontaneous subcortical system, extrapryamidal tract (insula, basal ganglia
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What are the subjective feelings?
Awareness of emotions, conscious experience of emotions, difficult to investigate
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What was Antonia Damasio's view?
Awareness results from the intergration of what happens in the outside world and what happens in the body
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What is the James Lange theory?
Step 1: Physiological changes in the body (heart rate, perspiration, muscle tension) Step 2: information goes from spinal cord to brain --> feeling of fear
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Why was the James Lange theory criticised?
The autonomic responses are quite crude and not diversified enough to produce all the range of emotions we can feel, patients with spinal cord injurt can still feel emotions
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What was the Cannon Bard theory?
Seeing the stimulus first creates the feeling of fear, Information goes from brain to spinal cod causes phsyiological changes in body (Heart rate, perspiration, muscle tension
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What was the criticisms of the Cannon Bard Theory?
Forcing yourself to smile makes you more happy (2) Drugs influencing heart rate reduce the subjective feeling of anxiety
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What was the third critisim?
Autonomic responses to angry faces have been found despite the fact that participants were not aware of seeing these faces --> No need to have conscious feeling to have an emotional reaction
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What do we need a better understanding of?
neural basis of emotions to fully understand the interactions between Emotional reaction and Subjective feeling
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What was called the emotional center?
Focus on the limbic system, limbic name was given by Paul Broca in 1987, James Papez highlighted a circuit of brain structures involved in emotions
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What was the Papez Circuit?
Neocortex --> Cingulate cortex (emotional experience) --> hippocampus (Fornix) --> Hypothalamus (Emotional expression) --> Anterior nuclei of thalamus --> cingulate cortex (bidirectional)
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What is the evidence suggest nowadays?
There is no single emotion system: Different brain networks for different emotions (2) Structures involved in emotion processing are NOT EXCLUSIVELY involved in emotion processing
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What does the hypothalamus do in emotions
Important for generating the emotional response (hormonal changes and changes in the autonomic N/S), has been associated with aggressive behaviour
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What happened in Amygdala?
Important for fear and aggression,
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When was it first discovered?
Kluver - Bucy syndrome: Mokeys had temporal lobes removed and they had: absence of fear and absence of aggressino, hypersexuality, it appeared that the amgydala lesion was critical for the changes in emotional states
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What does the amygdala respond to?
Unconditioned stimuli
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for example?
loud noises, looming and sudden movements, painful stimuli, fearful faces, emotionally laden stimuli
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What else does the amygdala respond to?
conditioned stimuli
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For example?
Signals, memories and images that were previously associated with danger
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For example?
Caving --> enjoyable, Caving --> accident (fear), caving --> Fear and aversion
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Joseph Le Doux route?
Emotional stimulus direct pathway for simple stimulus to amygdala to emotional response
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What is the indirect pathway?
Cortex to amygdala
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What does the hypothalamus from the amygala central nucleus lead to?
Autonomic response
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What does the periaqueductal gray matter in brain stem from amygdala central nucleus lead to?
Behavioural experience
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What does the cerebral cortex from central nucleus lead to?
EMotional experience
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What is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?
Important for emotional feeling, social interactions and decision making, when was it first described?
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when was it first described?
In the case of phineas gage
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What else is the prefrontal cortex important for?
Decision making
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For example?
The IOWA gambling game
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What happened?
PAtients with ventromedial lesions did worse in the IOWA gambling game
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What is the insula responsible for?
Important for the experience of pain and several basic emotions (especially disgust) • According to Damasio: important role in translating visceral states into subjective feelings
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

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What are the 2 components of emotions?

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Emotional response, subjective emotional feeling

Card 3

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When one nervous system is active the other one is?

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What does the sympathetic NS do

Back

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