Education - Key Terms

Key terms for whole of the education topic.

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Social cohesion
Refers to the bonds that bring people together and integrate them into a united society
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Social mobility
Refers to the movement of groups or individuals up or down the social hierarchy
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Functional prerequisites
Refer to the basic needs that must be met if society is to survive
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The hidden curriculum
Refers to the unwritten, often unintended lessons, values and perspectives that students learn in school. (The unspoken or implicit academic social and cultural messages which are
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Social solidarity
Refers to the integration of people into society through shared values, a common culture, shared understandings and social 'ties' that bring them together and build 'social cohesion'.
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Particularistic values
Are norms and values that give a priority to personal relationships (i.e. values and norms within the family)
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Universalistic values
Rules and values that apply to all members of society, regardless of who they are
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Meritocracy
(A meritocratic society) - A society in which occupational and other status positions are achieved on the basis of individual merit, such as talent, skill and educational qualifications (e.g. those with higher qualifications get better jobs)
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Human capital
Schultz - Refers to the knowledge and skills possessed by a workforce that increase that workforce's usefulness to employers
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The division of labour
The division of work or occupations into a large number of specified tasks
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Equality of educational opportunity
The idea that every child, regardless of their social class, gender, ethnic background etc, has an equal chance of developing their talents and abilities
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False consciousness
A failure by members of a social class to recognise their real interests
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Ideological state apparatus
Agencies which serve to spread the ideology, and justify the power, of the dominant class. (Althusser argues that in contemporary western societies, the main ideological state apparatus is the education system)
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Habitus
A cultural framework and set of ideas possessed by a social class, into which people are socialised.
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Cultural Capital (Bourdieu)
The culture (knowledge, language, manners, behaviour, attitudes and values etc.) of the middle- class, which gives middle- class students a built- in advantage in a middle-class controlled education system.
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Hegemony
Refers to the dominance in society of the ruling-class's set of ideas over others, and acceptance of them by the rest of society.
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Subculture
A smaller culture held by a group of people within the main culture of a society. (e.g an anti-school/ pro-school subculture)
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sexism
Refers to the prejudice/ discrimination against people because of their sex.
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Under-achievement
The failure of people to fulfill their potential - they do not do as well in education as their talents and abilities suggest they should
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Racism
Believing as though an individual or group is superior or inferior on the grounds of their racial or ethnic origins.
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Labelling
The process of defining a person/ group in a certain way - as a particular 'type' of a person or group.
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Stereotype
A generalised, oversimplified view of the features of a social group, allowing for few individual differences for members of the group.
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A halo effect
When a student becomes stereotyped, either favourably or unfavourably, on the basis of earlier impressions
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
Where people act in response to predictions/ labels, internalising the view, thereby making it come true
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Educational triage
The way in which schools divide pupils into three groups - Those most likely to achieve grades A*-C, those on boarder-line (D/C) and those who have little chance of any success. They focus mainly on the first two groups and often write-off' the last.
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English Baccalaureate (EBacc)
A performance measure for schools to show the proportion of pupils who achieve at least 6 A*-C grades (In maths, English, Science, foreign language and a humanity, like history)
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Pro-school subculture
A group organised around the values, attitudes and behaviour which generally conforms to the academic aims, ethos and rules of a school.
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Anti-school subculture
A group organised around the values, attitudes and behaviour in opposition to the main aims of a school
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Cultural deprivation
The idea that some people fail in education because of supposed cultural deficiencies in their home and family background, such as inadequate language skills.
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The elaborated code of language (Bernstein)
The formal language used by strangers and individuals in formal situations, where detail and explanation is needed - has a much wider vocabulary than the restricted code.
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The restricted code of language (Bernstein)
The informal, simple, everyday language, usually used between friends or family members - Has limited explanations and vocabulary.
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Social Capital (Bourdieu)
Refers to the social networks of influence and support that people have (knowing the right people, who to get advice from etc.)
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Culture clash
A difference and conflict between the culture values of the home and those of educational institutions
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Compensatory education
Extra educational help for those coming from disadvantaged groups to help them overcome inequalities they face in education and wider society.
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Positive discrimination
Giving disadvantaged groups more favourable treatment than others to make up for the inequalities they face
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Racial prejudice
A set of assumptions or beliefs about a racial or ethnic group which are made prior to knowing about them
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Ethnocentrism
A view of the world in which other cultures are seen through the eyes of one's own culture, often devaluing them.
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Multi-cultural education
A recognition of the diversity of cultures in society, and teaching about the culture of other ethnic groups. (It is the solution to ethnocentrism within schools)
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Marketisation
The process whereby services, like education, that were once previously controlled and run by the state, become subject to the free market forces of supply and demand. (based on independence, competition and consumer choice)
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Privatization
Where services which were once owned and provided by the state are transferred to private companies
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Neoliberalism
An economic approach that suggests resources are more efficiently managed by private businesses, and suggests that all public services (like education) should be shifted from the public sector to the private sector.
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Globalisation
The growing inter- connectedness of societies across the world, with the spread of the same culture, consumer goods and economic interests across the globe.
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Moral panic
A 'wave' of public concern about some exaggerated or imaginary threat to society, stirred up by overblown reporting in the media
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Parentocracy
Brown- Where a child's education is dependent upon the wealth and wishes of parents, rather than the ability and efforts of pupils
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An elite
A small group holding great power and privilege in society
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Refers to the movement of groups or individuals up or down the social hierarchy

Back

Social mobility

Card 3

Front

Refer to the basic needs that must be met if society is to survive

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Refers to the unwritten, often unintended lessons, values and perspectives that students learn in school. (The unspoken or implicit academic social and cultural messages which are

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Refers to the integration of people into society through shared values, a common culture, shared understandings and social 'ties' that bring them together and build 'social cohesion'.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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