Education - Dr Willis
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- Created by: lilyhanleyyy
- Created on: 22-03-22 11:58
What are the facts for the 2021 GCSEs?
- FSM students less than half as likely to get top grades at GCSE than those not on FSM - fewer than 14% compared to <31%
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What are the facts for universities?
- Students from low income families less likely to go to uni (only 26%)
- Less than 1 in 5 white disadvantaged students attend Russell group unis
- Unis with lower entry requirements take on majority of poorer students who attend uni.
- Less than 1 in 5 white disadvantaged students attend Russell group unis
- Unis with lower entry requirements take on majority of poorer students who attend uni.
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What are the facts for after university?
- Disadvantaged graduates earn half as much as their privileged peers in their first job and lack the connections to find top jobs.
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What is Smith and Noble's Material Deprivation theory? (Outside school theory)
- Material deprivation - caused by low incomes and poverty - may cause lower education achievement in poorer children. Especially those receiving FSM.
- Argue that lack of funds to pay for books, laptops, trips and tutors creates a barrier to good educati
- Argue that lack of funds to pay for books, laptops, trips and tutors creates a barrier to good educati
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What is Smith and Noble's Material Deprivation theory? (Pt 2)
- Children from poorer families often live in crowded homes - meaning they don't have the proper space to work.
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What did Callendar and Jackson find?
- Fear of debt discourages w/c children from applying to uni. The student loan system discourages them.
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What did Platt argue about Material Deprivation?
- Argued the impact of material deprivation on educational achievement is less significant for some ethnic groups
-> e.g. Chinese, Indian, Bangladeshi, Black African.
-> e.g. Chinese, Indian, Bangladeshi, Black African.
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What do the New Right argue? (Outside school factor)
- lack of educational achievement is the fault of young ppl and their families
-> Charles Murray's underclass theory -> argues that some families transmits a culture of deprivation to their children.
-> Charles Murray's underclass theory -> argues that some families transmits a culture of deprivation to their children.
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How does Owen Jones challenge New Right view?
- argue that govt use negative stereotypes as a convenient way to avoid confronting the socioeconomic problems that young ppl face.
- There is a culture of deprivation but ppl are desperate to escape it.
- There is a culture of deprivation but ppl are desperate to escape it.
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What is Cultural Deprivation theory? (Outside school factor)
- argues that the w/c under-achievement is caused by weakness in w/c culture
-Cultural Deprivation meaning they lack the norms and values required to ensure educational values.
-Cultural Deprivation meaning they lack the norms and values required to ensure educational values.
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What did Feinstein argue about w/c parents?
- Found that class differences in achievement were mainly the outcome of class diffs in parental interest + support
- W/C fams placed less value on the importance of edu compared to m/c families consequently had lower aspirations for children
- W/C fams placed less value on the importance of edu compared to m/c families consequently had lower aspirations for children
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What did Feinstein argue about w/c parents? (Pt 2)
- W/c parents = culturally deprived, lacked norms and values required for educational success for their children
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A03 - How can Feinstein's study be criticised?
- He measured parental interest by using teachers perceptions of the level of parental interest.
-> Second hand + anecdotal, teachers may well have been biased against w/c parents.
-> Second hand + anecdotal, teachers may well have been biased against w/c parents.
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A03 - How does Bordieu challenge CDT?
- Argued that the structure of edu system is based around m/c norms and values and always has been
-> w/c children were set up to fail
-> w/c children were set up to fail
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What is cultural capital theory? (Inside school factor)
- Argues the structural system of edu ensures that the culture of the higher classes is passed onto next gen.
- m/c children have cultural advantage in edu system bc their 'culture' is deemed superior
- m/c children have cultural capital - puts them @ dis
- m/c children have cultural advantage in edu system bc their 'culture' is deemed superior
- m/c children have cultural capital - puts them @ dis
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How does lack of cultural capital affect w/c students according to Bordieu?
- w/c children are more likely to drop out of education bc they see the system as rigged against them.
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AO3 - How do the New Right challenge CCT?
- as well as Feinstein
- reject the structural theory and argue that the families are culturally deprived
- reject the structural theory and argue that the families are culturally deprived
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AO3 - How does OFSTED support CCT?
- recognising that lack of cultural capital has an impact on "disadvantaged children", and has introduced a requirement that schools develop their pupils 'cultural capital'
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What did Bernstein argue about the use of elaborate code in schools? (Inside Schoo factor)
- Teachers, textbooks and examiners use a particular language code - m/c children able to use it, w/c students tend to use restricted code
-> w/c students less likely to be able to understand textbooks and exam questions which puts them at a disadvantage
-> w/c students less likely to be able to understand textbooks and exam questions which puts them at a disadvantage
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AO3 - How would people challenge Bernstein's theory?
- Gaine + George -said Bernstein oversimplified the differences btw speech patterns
- Functionalists - argue that all students, no matter what social class, have the resources to learn and develop lang/ literacy skills and therefore part of the meritocrac
- Functionalists - argue that all students, no matter what social class, have the resources to learn and develop lang/ literacy skills and therefore part of the meritocrac
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AO3 - Why might material factors have more importance?
- poorer students suffer from material deprivation which limits how much exposure they have to literature
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ANTI SCHOOL SUBCULTURES AMONG W/C BOYS
How did the boys in the Hargreaves study behave? (Inside + outside school factors)
How did the boys in the Hargreaves study behave? (Inside + outside school factors)
- Rejected values of the school
- Achieved status through rebelling (smoking, fighting, disrupting lessons, avoiding uniform)
- Achieved status through rebelling (smoking, fighting, disrupting lessons, avoiding uniform)
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AO3 - What did Hargreaves blame for their behaviour?
- the subculture was the direct result of negative labelling from teachers
- Students were written off as failures by teachers. Placed in lower ability groups -> only way they could gain status is through anti school subcultures.
- Students were written off as failures by teachers. Placed in lower ability groups -> only way they could gain status is through anti school subcultures.
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How did the 'macho lads' behave? - Mac an Ghaill
- They rejected the authority of teachers
-celebrated the 3 F's - 'Fighting, football and *******'
- acting tough
- Subculture formed as a response o academic failure. Developing hyper-masculinity as a way to cope with uncertainty
-celebrated the 3 F's - 'Fighting, football and *******'
- acting tough
- Subculture formed as a response o academic failure. Developing hyper-masculinity as a way to cope with uncertainty
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AO3 - How does Mac an Ghaill explain their behaviour?
- Crisis of Masculinity - decline in traditional manual jobs and increase in girls academic success meant that w/c boys where questioning the need to work hard bc jobs they would have had are gone
-> to cope they developed macho image
-> to cope they developed macho image
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AO3 - How does Jackson explain their behaviour?
-theorises that laddish behaviour is a tactic they boys use to appear unbothered by failure. so when they fail they can say it was deliberate.
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Why are white w/c boys and schools not a good match?
-School embodies m/c norms and values, with m/c teachers teaching w/c children.
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What is Labelling theory and the Self Fulfilling Prophecy? (Inside school factor)
- Students internalise labels given to them by teachers and conform to the expectations.
-Teachers might be more likely to label w/c students negatively and could create low achievement by expecting it.
-Teachers might be more likely to label w/c students negatively and could create low achievement by expecting it.
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How did Rosenthal and Jacobson prove labelling theory?
- Carried out tests on student IQs at a school and then selected 20% of pupils at random as an experimental group.
- Teachers were told to expect rapid progress from these pupils (even though they randomly selected)
- They returned and found that the grou
- Teachers were told to expect rapid progress from these pupils (even though they randomly selected)
- They returned and found that the grou
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What did Gilborn and Youdell find?
- Found that teachers generally label w/c students as disruptive, lacking in motivation and lacking in parental support.
- Led them to have lower expectations of the pupil and would place the pupil in a lower ability set.
- Led them to have lower expectations of the pupil and would place the pupil in a lower ability set.
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What did Becker find about teachers and m/c students?
- suggested that teachers see m/c pupils as closest to the "ideal pupil", whilst w/c students are the furthest from it.
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AO3 - Why do some argue that Cultural capital is just as significant as labelling?
- In many ways, labelling is the result of how much cultural capital the teacher thinks the student has - Chicken and Egg situation
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What are the facts about gender and GSCE results?
- In 2021, 32.9% of entries from girls were awarded grades 7-9
- For boys it was 24.1%
- 80.4% of girls were aware grades 4 and above
-73.4% of boys were awarded grades 4 and above.
- For boys it was 24.1%
- 80.4% of girls were aware grades 4 and above
-73.4% of boys were awarded grades 4 and above.
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What are the facts for the gender gap in university applications?
- UCAS 2018 reported that female students are 1/3rd more likely to apply to degree courses than males.
- in 2018, around 98,000 more women than men applied to start a degree.
- in 2018, around 98,000 more women than men applied to start a degree.
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What are the facts for under representation of girls in STEM subjects?
- only 35% of STEM students in higher education in the UK are women
- subject choices tend to be "gendered". Women are less likely to study STEM subjects which partly accounts for women's under representation in well paid jobs.
- subject choices tend to be "gendered". Women are less likely to study STEM subjects which partly accounts for women's under representation in well paid jobs.
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How did the Campaign for equal rights have a positive impact on girls and education?
- The campaign of liberal feminists improved the legal rights of women in employment.
- With the acts girls began to take it for granted that they had the right to work and succeed
- education and qualifications now had a purpose
- With the acts girls began to take it for granted that they had the right to work and succeed
- education and qualifications now had a purpose
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What did Sue Sharpe find about girls education in the 70s and 90s?
- 70s: girls attitudes and priorities were mainly "love, marriage, husbands and children"
-90s: girls priorities were financial independence, careers, getting good grades.
-90s: girls priorities were financial independence, careers, getting good grades.
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AO3 - Gender pay gap. Triple Shift
- the gender pay gap persists, education improved but outcomes haven't
- women operate Triple Shift
- women operate Triple Shift
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are the facts for universities?
Back
- Students from low income families less likely to go to uni (only 26%)
- Less than 1 in 5 white disadvantaged students attend Russell group unis
- Unis with lower entry requirements take on majority of poorer students who attend uni.
- Less than 1 in 5 white disadvantaged students attend Russell group unis
- Unis with lower entry requirements take on majority of poorer students who attend uni.
Card 3
Front
What are the facts for after university?
Back
Card 4
Front
What is Smith and Noble's Material Deprivation theory? (Outside school theory)
Back
Card 5
Front
What is Smith and Noble's Material Deprivation theory? (Pt 2)
Back
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