Dopamine and Reward
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- Created by: Yasmetron
- Created on: 11-03-23 09:12
What are two fundamental drivers?
reward
avoidance of punishment
avoidance of punishment
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What three factors do humans consider when choosing to behave?
- value
- predictability (e.g., will my actions lead to the desired outcomes based on previous experiences?)
- costs associated with attaining them
- predictability (e.g., will my actions lead to the desired outcomes based on previous experiences?)
- costs associated with attaining them
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What do rewards stimulate?
pleasurable feelings and generates approach and consummatory behaviours eventually leading to reinforcement.
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define reverse inference
the use of reasoning from activation to mental functions e.g., by looking at the brain through biological measures
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What types of rewards are there?
- primary rewards e.g., sex, food, shelter
- secondary rewards e.e., success, money and music
- some behaviours can be considered rewarding process
- secondary rewards e.e., success, money and music
- some behaviours can be considered rewarding process
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how does being rewarded effect probability?
reward - increases probability
unrewarding - decreases probability
unrewarding - decreases probability
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What is negative reinforcement?
strengthening behaviour to avoid repercussions, they increase frequency of behaviour that leads to avoidance of negative outcomes.
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define punishment
immediate repercussions of a behaviour
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how does reward prediction errors effect reward prediction errors?
positive - in response to unexpected rewards (learning)
negative - in response to the absence of a predicted reward (supports extinction)
in both cases the outcome was unexpected
negative - in response to the absence of a predicted reward (supports extinction)
in both cases the outcome was unexpected
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What is the Rescorla-Wagner Model (1974)?
it explains the stimulus-response-learning
changes in associative strength is driven by the difference between the actual and expected outcome
changes in associative strength is driven by the difference between the actual and expected outcome
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What is dopamine?
a type of neurotransmitter (within the subgroup catecholamine of monoamines)
dopamine neurone release dopamine to cells that have dopamine receptors
dopamine neurone release dopamine to cells that have dopamine receptors
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What two pathways do dopamine work in?
Mesolimbocortical pathway
Mesostriatal pathway
Mesostriatal pathway
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what is the mesolimbocortical pathway?
ventral tegmental areas to nucleus accumbens in the ventral striatum, prefrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus
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what is the mesostriatal pathway?
midbrain (substantia nigra) to dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
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What ways can we measure dopamine?
• Single cell electrophysiology
• Electrical stimulation
• Cyclic voltammetry
• Optogenetic stimulation
• Dopaminergic mediation
• Functional MR
• Electrical stimulation
• Cyclic voltammetry
• Optogenetic stimulation
• Dopaminergic mediation
• Functional MR
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What are the types of reward-related neuronal activity?
- the presentation of an unexpected reward (activation)
- stimuli that predict rewards (activation)
- the absence if an expected reward
- stimuli that predict rewards (activation)
- the absence if an expected reward
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Give an example of reward prediction
Hollerman & Schulz (1998)
Hollerman & Schulz (1998)
• During learning, the reward became increasingly predictable and neuronal activity gradually decreased to baseline levels.
• There was no phasic activity when fully predictable rewards were delivered.
• When expected rewards were omitted, phasic decrea
• There was no phasic activity when fully predictable rewards were delivered.
• When expected rewards were omitted, phasic decrea
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what did D’Ardenne et al. (2008) find about the human VTA?
• They found activity in the VTA that increased when they unexpectedly got the water reward (at the untrained delayed time)
• Reduced activity for negative PEs but not significant (this was seen in ventral striatum)
• Reduced activity for negative PEs but not significant (this was seen in ventral striatum)
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Give evidence against the classic view of dopamine
• New data suggests dopamine isn’t just crucial for reward learning and doesn’t just signal RPEs.
• Some studies have extended the hypothesis to include other influences being integrated with reward prediction, such as goal-directed movement (Syed et al.
• Some studies have extended the hypothesis to include other influences being integrated with reward prediction, such as goal-directed movement (Syed et al.
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What did Matsumoto & Takada (2013) find?
• An example DA neuron in substantia nigra showed excitation to the sample stimulus in the WM task - regardless of reward.
• So, activity depended on whether the monkey had to retain the information about the sample in working memory.
• So, activity depended on whether the monkey had to retain the information about the sample in working memory.
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What did Matsumoto & Takada (2013) find about task difficulty?
• VTA neuron increased firing during small search array and greater when larger reward expected.
• Small array most likely to be correct and thus lead to reward - consistent with reward prediction model (e.g., Schulz, 1998)
• This suggests a lateral-med
• Small array most likely to be correct and thus lead to reward - consistent with reward prediction model (e.g., Schulz, 1998)
• This suggests a lateral-med
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what is the striatum?
a major target of midbrain dopamine neurons
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What did Pessiglione et al., (2006) find about RPE in nucleus accumbens
• Participants given drugs that either enhanced (L-Dopa) or reduced (Haloperidol) dopaminergic function
• L-Dopa subjects chose the high probability gain stimulus more often than Haloperidol subjects.
•Hence, increased dopaminergic activity improved ch
• L-Dopa subjects chose the high probability gain stimulus more often than Haloperidol subjects.
•Hence, increased dopaminergic activity improved ch
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What is the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)?
- another major target for midbrain dopamine neurons
- engaged by many different processes, but also contains neurons which respond to rewarding stimuli
- engaged by many different processes, but also contains neurons which respond to rewarding stimuli
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What did Kennerley, Behrens & Wallis (2011) find with RPEs in the ACC?
• Recorded from the ACC, LPFC and OFC while monkeys made choices between pictures with different reward probabilities.
• Low reward probability (e.g., 0.1) = high RPE and vice versa
• Some ACC neurons increased firing for unexpected rewards.
• Some AC
• Low reward probability (e.g., 0.1) = high RPE and vice versa
• Some ACC neurons increased firing for unexpected rewards.
• Some AC
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What did they find in the link between drugs and rats?
Rats linked intravenously or intracranially to equipment that allows for dopamine to be released when they make a lever press.
Over time rats start to repeatedly self-administer dopamine to themselves
Over time rats start to repeatedly self-administer dopamine to themselves
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What is cocaine?
• Artificially derived from the coca shrub.
• Has a powerful and pleasurable stimulant effect - users report feeling euphoric, energetic, talkative, mentally alert, also hypersensitive to sensory stimuli.
• Highly addictive and heavy use increases risk
• Has a powerful and pleasurable stimulant effect - users report feeling euphoric, energetic, talkative, mentally alert, also hypersensitive to sensory stimuli.
• Highly addictive and heavy use increases risk
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How does cocaine impact synaptic transmission and what does this mean?
Cocaine blocks the synaptic transmission.
With long-term cocaine use the synaptic transmission for dopamine is slower and less effective. This is a good explanation as to why cocaine users increase dosages in order to feel the same effects as they once di
With long-term cocaine use the synaptic transmission for dopamine is slower and less effective. This is a good explanation as to why cocaine users increase dosages in order to feel the same effects as they once di
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how does cocaine impact the dopaminergic system?
- weakens synaptic transmission long term which changes motivation and may lead to compulsive and addictive behaviours.
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what predictions do the ventral striatum encode?
ALL PREDICTION ERRORS!
in a much more general ay, it may benefit you or it might benefit somebody else regardless.
in a much more general ay, it may benefit you or it might benefit somebody else regardless.
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What did Ferreri et al. (2019) find about dopamine and music?
Rrisperidone impaired participants’ ability it to experience musical pleasure, whereas L- Dopa enhanced.
Underline’s role of dopamine in processing abstract rewards
Underline’s role of dopamine in processing abstract rewards
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What three factors do humans consider when choosing to behave?
Back
- value
- predictability (e.g., will my actions lead to the desired outcomes based on previous experiences?)
- costs associated with attaining them
- predictability (e.g., will my actions lead to the desired outcomes based on previous experiences?)
- costs associated with attaining them
Card 3
Front
What do rewards stimulate?
Back
Card 4
Front
define reverse inference
Back
Card 5
Front
What types of rewards are there?
Back
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