Discovering. Topic 12: Cognitive Development

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  • Created by: Chookie
  • Created on: 21-05-17 19:45
What are basic cognitive resources?
The basic thinking machine of the brain (e.g working memory capacity). It is a concept from the IPA
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What is centred thinking?
The symbolic thought that Focuses on the aspect of one thing. (e.g height of water in a glass)
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Who came up with centred thinking?
Pieget
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What is the conservation task?
A test of children's ability to conserve (understand that the amount of stuff only changes if you add some or take some away)
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Who came up with the conservation task?
Pieget
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What is domain?
An aspect of human knowledge or skill (reading)
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What is domain-general learning?
Learning it improves all aspects of human knowledge and skill at the same time
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What is domain-specific learning?
Learning that improves a specific aspect of human knowledge or skill
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What is the third stage of piaget's 4 stages?
The Concrete operational stage
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What is the fourth stage of piaget's four stages?
The formal operational stage
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What is the first stage of piaget's 4 stages?
The sensorimotor stage
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What is the second stage of piaget's 4 stages?
The pre operational stage
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What happens in the concrete operational stage?
Children can use operations, but can only make new operations through Direct experience
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What happens in the Sensorimotor stage?
Infant only remember through sensorimotor learning
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What happens in the formal operational stage?
Children can make new operations just by thinking about them
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What happens in the pre operational stage?
Children can learn through symbolic thought but their thinking is centred
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What does IPA stand for?
Information processing approach
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Is the information processing (IPA)?
An approach to development which recognises that the mind is a machine which improves itself
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Who came up with inner speech?
Vygotsky
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Invite Vygotsky's Theory what is Inner speech?
Language that has become internalised (after being first social and then private)
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What does memory strategy come from?
The IPA
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What is memory strategy?
Thinking or behaviour which improves memory
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Were does megacognition come from?
The IPA
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Where does operations come from?
Piaget's Theory
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What is metacognition?
Knowledge that we have about how our own thinking works
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What is operation?
The ideas that thinking is decentered
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What is piaget's theory of cognitive development?
A domain-general Theory of development in which a child builds their own understanding of the world
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Where is a psychological tool featured?
In Vygotsky's theory
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What is a psychological tool?
A cognitive skill used to aid social learning
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What is sensorimotor learning?
When you learn directly through an action on the world
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What is stage Theory?
A theory of development in which performance improves in jumps rather than gradually
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Where does symbolic thought come from?
Piaget's Theory
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What is symbolic thought?
That the idea of a thing is separate from your sensorimotor experience of it
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Who came up with the three mountains task?
Piaget
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What is the three mountains task?
A test of the children's ability to understand that the world looks different from someone else's perspective
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What is vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
A domain-general Theory of development in which a child develop skills by working with others
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The zone of proximal development come from?
Vygotsky
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What is the zone of proximal development?
The understanding that a child can only achieve with the help of others
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What is piaget's Theory?
A child is an individual cica and maker of meaning
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What is vygotsky's Theory?
A child's mind is made from working together
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What is the information processing approach?
The child's mind is a self-improving machine
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How did Piaget say children were born?
Without knowledge so everything must be learnt
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According to Piaget development is....?
Stage-like and domain-general
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What does domain-general development mean?
That it changes all aspects of performance at once (you suddenly get better at language, maths and social skills)
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What does domain-specific development mean?
But it changes one aspect of a performance at once (only get better at maths)
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At what age is the sensorimotor stage of piaget's theory of development?
Birth to 2 years
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What age is the preoperational stage of piaget's theory of development?
2 to 7 years
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What age is the concrete operational stage of piaget's theory of development?
7 to 11 years
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What age is the formal operational stage of piaget's theory of development?
11 + years
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What do infants remember doing this sensorimotor stage of piaget's theory of development?
What they have just done (actions), not what they have just seen
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During the sensorimotor stage do children understand object permanence?
No
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During the sensorimotor stage, do infants have deferred imitation?
no
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What is object permanence?
The understanding that objects exist independent of your actions
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What is deferred imitation?
When you see an action and can then copy it later
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During the pre-operational stage do infants understand object permanence?
Yes
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During the pre operational stage do infants have deferred imitation?
Yes
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What is symbolic thought?
Information which is held in the mind and you can picture something without seeing/touching it
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What type of thinking do pre-operational children have?
Centered thinking, they only focus on one aspect of the world
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Do pre-operational children past the conservation task?
No
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What is the conservation task?
When there is the same amount of liquid in a tall thin Beaker and it's more wide Beaker, to pass a child must recognise that they both have the same amount of liquid
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What are the results of pre-operational children taking the three mountains task?
They focus on themselves rather than others
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What is the three mountains task?
Children are presented with the mountains in a situation and the experimenter is that opposite them. They are asked to pick the experimenters view reversed from their view
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What are the results of pre-operational children taking the three mountains task?
They focus on themselves rather than others
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What is the three mountains task?
Children are presented with three mountains in a figuration and the experimenter is sat opposite them. They are asked to pick the experimenters view (reversed from their view)
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What type of thinking do concrete operational children have?
Decentered, operational thinking
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What is the decentred thinking?
When you can think about two dimensions together
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How do you learn during the concrete operational stage?
By doing things
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How is thinking in the formal operational stage?
Thinking is abstract (separable from real examples) , hypothetical (not experienced) and unbiased
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Is vygotsky's Theory domain-general?
Yes
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How does vygotsky think children learn?
Through social engagement
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According to vygotsky when does thinking start?
Between individuals
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According to Vygotsky what is cognition?
Cognition is social first
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A group of boys up learning how to put a ball in a cup of according to piaget how do they learn?
By investigating the world and constructing their own knowledge
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A group of boys are learning how to put a ball in a cup according to vygotsky how do they learn?
By working together to achieve a joint goal, later skills will become internalised
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According to vygotsky what is our most important psychological tool?
Language
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According to vygotsky what happens to speech around seven years old?
It becomes an internalized to cognitive process
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According to vygotsky what does ZPD stand for?
Zone of proximal development
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What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD) ?
This is when a child can do something with guidance and then learn it
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How does the zone of proximal development relate to development?
Children develop by being assisted in doing something
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What does the information processing approach (IPA) focus on in terms of development?
The brain
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What two does the IPA see the brain as?
A Machine for manipulating information
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According to the IPA what does development involve?
Improving basic resources, constructing more efficient processes using resources
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What does the IPA think development involves?
Domain-general and domain-specific processes
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What is episodic memory?
Memory of your personal experiences, bound to a time and place
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Cording to the IPA do young children have good episodic memory?
No
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According to the IPA what does remembering involve?
The active reconstruction of previous experiences
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According to the IPA does developing your mind help improve memory?
Yes
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According to the IPA what increases your processing speed aside from improving your basic resources?
Myelination increases neurotransmission
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What is myelination?
The process of coating the axon of each neuron with a fatty coating called myelin which protects the neuron and helps it conduct signals more efficiently
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According to the IPA what happens if you increase the processing capacity of working memory?
More information can be held active at once
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According to the IPA what does inhibition do? (in relation to memory)
Help suppress more irrelevant information
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IPA when you're basic resources improve, what improves?
Processing speed increases, capacity of working memory increases, inhibition improves
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What is metacognition?
Thoughts about thoughts
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According to the IPA in order to develop you need to make better use of the resources you have?
Yes
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Do children need to know if they have a bad memory according to the IPA?
Yes because then they will try to remember
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Why are memory strategies useful?
They can help you make better use of the resources you have
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According to the IPA can behaviour / thinking be used to improve your memory?
Yes
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What is one memory strategy?
Rehearsing information to remember it
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is centred thinking?

Back

The symbolic thought that Focuses on the aspect of one thing. (e.g height of water in a glass)

Card 3

Front

Who came up with centred thinking?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the conservation task?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Who came up with the conservation task?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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