Criminal - Topic 1

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  • Created by: ChloBR
  • Created on: 07-02-17 18:51
Pre frontal cortex/Low Resting Heart Rate
Plans and controls emotions, leads to low resting heart rate, thrill seeking behaviour
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Raine physiological explanation
Biology accounts for 50% behaviour
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Brunner
Gene and aggressive behaviour. Woman's extended family, 14 males with genetic mutation. MAOA led to high levels of sterotonin (aggressive behaviour).
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Cases and Caspi
Turned off MAOA in mice. 9 times level of sterotonin. Aggressive males.
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Farrington & West
411 boys aged 8. Recorded crimes comitted and if had disruptive childhood committed blue collar crimes.
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Farrington & West Evaluation
Longitudinal - detailed. Both data types. Application - change environment.
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Sutherland's Theory
Criminal behaviour from learning. Contact with convict more likely to commit crime.
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Sutherland Evaluation
Reductionist - flawed. Explains white collar crimes.
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Palmer & Hollin
Investigated pattern between moral development and 126 young offenders. Young males least mature moral reasoning. Delinquents had deficits in morality compared to 332 non.
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Palmer Evaluation
Reductionist - only looks at morality. Males only. Self reports.
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Nature
Raine & Brunner - show criminal behaviour developed through biology. 50% raine.
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Nurture
Farrington & Sutherland - learnt and affected by people and environment.
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Psychology as a science
Raine - PET scans, objective and reliable. Had hypothesis which tests.
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Reductionism
Raine only focuses on brain activity and ignores wider range of reasons.
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Holistic
Farrington - looks at upbringing as whole/
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Usefulness
Raine & Brunner - help doctors to understand and develop medication. Farrington -help parents and schools learn how to act.
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Free Will
Raine says element of free will as people still have some control. Palmer shows morality and their choices affect.
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Determinsim
Raine & Brunner show determinism as genes determine behaviour.
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Socially sensitive
Have mutated genes may feel isolated. Raine could be used for NGRI pleaders when not really ill.
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Raine - Aim
To find out if murderers who plead NGRI have actual brain damage with can cause them to perform criminal acts.
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Raine - Method
Quasi experiment. IV - whether pp NGRI. DV - evidence of brain dysfunction.
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Raine - Design
Matched pairs - age & gender & 6 schizophrenics.
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Raine - Sample
41pp. California. 39m:2f. No medication 2 weeks prior. Control same.
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Raine - Procedure
FDG tracer injected to trace brain metabolism/ 10 mins after given practice trial on CPT. 32 mins after taken into PET scanner room, individually moulded head restraints
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Raine - Findings
Corpus callosum - lower activity. Stop left brain inhibiting right's violence. Amygalda - lower activity. Lack of inhibition for violent behaviours. Prefrontal cortex - lower activity. Loss of self control.
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Raine - Conclusions
Murderers pleading NGRI have significant differences in the metabolism of glucose in certain brain regions. Reduced activity in prefrontal cortex may explain violent behaviours.
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Raine - Data Evaluation
Quantitative - activity in brain - compared and objective. Lacks cause and effect. Correlation - doesn't imply causation.
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Raine - Method Evaluation
Quasi - high ecological validity and few demand characteristics. Harder to imply causation as IV not manipulated.
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Raine - Sample Evaluation
Averagly large sample. More males than females.
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Raine - Reliability Evaluation
Schizophrenics to control and compare. Individually moulded head restraints so didn't affect brain results.
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Raine - Validity Evaluation
Could be questioned because people who commit murders can still have normal brains. Did suggest only 50% accountable.
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Raine - Psych as a science
Objective and reliable data testing hypothesis. PET scans.
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Raine - Determinism
Determined by biology and then upbringing too. Some murderers may not be fully in control. However, some murderers don't have deficits.
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Raine - Reductionism
Smaller aspects can be looked at in greater depth as focused only on brain. Weakness is miss out things so missed out upbringing.
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Raine - Socially sensitive
Young children could be screened then label them as different. More likely to commit if believe they are likely to.
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Olds (1998) - Strategy
Biosocial Intervention programmes for pregnant women
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Olds - Sample
400 low social class women. 200 to each.
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Olds - Intervention
9 home visits during pregnancy. 23 visits from nurse in first 2 years. Gave advice on smoking, drinking, nutrition and needs.
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Olds - Results
15 year follow up showed 52.8% reduction in arrests and 63% in convictions.
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Olds - Conclusion
Early intervention which incorporated biomedical and social interventions was effective.
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Olds - Evaluation
Strengths - explains criminology in terms of biology. High application. Large sample. Weakness - only shows 52.8% reduction so not only factors. Longitudinal so other factors could have influenced.
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Raine Maruritius - Strategy
Three part intervention - enrichment for children.
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Raine Maruritius - Sample
100 of 1,795 children - low resting heart rate. Matched control.
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Raine Maruritius - Intervention
Given nutrition (milk, fish, salad etc.), physical exercise (gym afternoon) & cognitive stimulation (structured curriculum).
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Raine Maruritius - Results
Aged 11-17 follow up. 11 - could focus attention and mature brains, level of arousal decreased. 17 - lower on conduct disorder ratings and less cruel.
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Raine Maruritius - Conclusion
Only reduced by 35% not eradicate it but was quite effective.
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Raine Maruritius - Evaluation
Strengths - holistic apporach so explored different ideas. Low resting heart rate more likely to become criminals so effective. Weakness - small sample. Doesn't completely explain criminality.
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Raine Maruritius P2 - Strategy
Omega-3 supplements.
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Raine Maruritius P2 - Sample
200 children. 100 each.
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Raine Maruritius P2 - Intervention
6 months children drank daily juice drink containing 1g omega-3.
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Raine Maruritius P2 - Results
After 12 months, parents reported significant reduction in aggression, delinquency and attention problems.
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Raine Maruritius P2 - Conclusion
Omega-3 may partly reverse brain dysfunction that predisposes children to antisocial behaviour.
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Raine Maruritius P2 - Evaluation
Strengths - only 1 year research so less time for other factors to affect results. Weakness - could have been from other things. Small sample.
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Card 2

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Raine physiological explanation

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Biology accounts for 50% behaviour

Card 3

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Brunner

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Card 4

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Cases and Caspi

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Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

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Farrington & West

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